Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir

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Princeton University Press, 26 ¡.¤. 2004 - 335 ˹éÒ

Disputed between India and Pakistan, Kashmir contains a large majority of Muslims subject to the laws of a predominantly Hindu and increasingly "Hinduized" India. How did religion and politics become so enmeshed in defining the protest of Kashmir's Muslims against Hindu rule? This book reaches beyond standard accounts that look to the 1947 partition of India for an explanation. Examining the 100-year period before that landmark event, during which Kashmir was ruled by Hindu Dogra kings under the aegis of the British, Mridu Rai highlights the collusion that shaped a decisively Hindu sovereignty over a subject Muslim populace. Focusing on authority, sovereignty, legitimacy, and community rights, she explains how Kashmir's modern Muslim identity emerged.


Rai shows how the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was formed as the East India Company marched into India beginning in the late eighteenth century. After the 1857 rebellion, outright annexation was abandoned as the British Crown took over and princes were incorporated into the imperial framework as junior partners. But, Rai argues, scholarship on other regions of India has led to misconceptions about colonialism, not least that a "hollowing of the crown" occurred throughout as Brahman came to dominate over King. In Kashmir the Dogra kings maintained firm control. They rode roughshod over the interests of the vast majority of their Kashmiri Muslim subjects, planting the seeds of a political movement that remains in thrall to a religiosity thrust upon it for the past 150 years.

 

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Territorializing Sovereignty The Dilemmas of Control and Collaboration
18
Gulab Singh From Raja to Maharaja
20
A Tale of Two Treaties Separating Jammu and Kashmir from Lahore
28
The Social Structure of Kashmir
36
The Treaty of Amritsar and Vacating Power in Kashmir
44
Kashmir as Treasury Kashmir as Workshop
61
The Search for Legitimacy Gulab Singh as Rajput Ruler
66
The Consolidation of Dogra Legitimacy in Kashmir Hindu Rulers and a Hindu State
80
The Subjects of the State Separate and Unequal
174
Contested Sites Religious Shrines and the Archaeological Mapping of Kashmiri Muslim Protest
183
The Colonial Politics of Archaeology and Conservation in British India
184
Archaeology in the Service of the DograHindu State
192
Archaeology Kashmiri Muslim Protest and the Reclaiming of Religious Sites
207
Political Mobilization in Kashmir Religious and Regional Identities
224
Socioreligious Reform Movements Religious Identity and Political Mobilization
226
Kashmir for Kashmiris The Kashmiri Pandits and Regional Identity
249

Queen Victorias Proclamation and Religious Freedom in Jammu and Kashmir
82
The Imperial Assemblage of 1877 and Religious Princes
87
Maharaja Gulab Singh as a Hindu Ruler
93
Maharaja Ranbir Singh The Making of a Hindu State
109
The Obligations of Rulers and the Rights of Subjects
128
From Breakwaters in the Storm to Naturalized Rulers
129
The Colonial State the British Resident and the Obligations of the Dogra Rulers
133
Reforming the State or Protecting Privileges?
144
Representing Kashmiri Muslim Interests Regional or Religious Identity?
253
Of Lions Goats Ahmediyas and Ahrars IntraMuslim Rivalry in Kashmir
258
Constructing Kashmiriyat Religion and Rights
274
Conclusion
288
Glossary
298
Bibliography
305
Index
319
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Mridu Rai is Assistant Professor of History at Yale University.

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