THE

"ISTORY

OF THE

DECLINE AND FALL

OF THE

ROMAN EMPIRE.

BY

EDWARD GIBBON, ESQ.

IN TWELVE VOLUMES.

VOL. IV.

A NEW EDITION.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR W. ALLASON; B. WHITROW AND CO.; C. CHAPPLE;
W. BARTON; J. EVANS AND SON; J. GREENHILL; J. HARWOOD;
R. HILL; G. HEBERT; W. HARRIS; T. MASON; R. SCHOLEY;
J. MAYNARD; T. BOHN; W. MASON; J. CARLISLE; T. FISHER;
J. BUMPUS; J. CRANWELL; I. PARSONS AND Co.; J. ROE;
T. LESTER ALSO W. AND P. JENKINS; AND E. KHULL AND CO.
GLASGOW; J. CUMMING AND C. LA GRANGE, DUBLIN.

CONTENTS

OF THE

FOURTH VOLUME.

CHAP. XXII.

Julian is declared emperor by the legions of Gaul-His march and sue-

cess-The death of Constantius-Civil administration of Julian.

A.D.

The jealousy of Constantius against Julian

Fears and envy of Constantius

PAGE.

1

4

360 The legions of Gaul are ordered to march into the East ib.

Their discontents

7

They proclaim Julian emperor

9

His protestations of innocence

12

His embassy to Constantius

14

360, 361. His fourth and fifth expeditions beyond the Rhine 17

361 Fruitless treaty and declaration of war

19

Julian prepares to attack Constantius

His march from the Rhine into Illyricum

He justifies his cause

Hostile preparations

361 Death of Constantius

361 Julian enters Constantinople

361 Is acknowledged by the whole empire

His civil government and private life

Reformation of the palace

Chamber of justice

Punishment of the innocent and the guilty

Clemency of Julian

His love of freedom and the republic

His care of the Grecian cities

34

The religion of Julian-Universal toleration-He attempts to restore

and reform the pagan worship-to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem-

His artful persecution of the Christians-Mutual zeal and injustice.

A. D.

Religion of Julian

351 His education and apostacy

PAGE.

63

64

361-363, Zeal and devotion of Julian in the restoration of

362 Removal of the dead bodies, and conflagration of the

temple

122

Julian shuts the cathedral of Antioch

123

George of Cappadocia oppresses Alexandria and Egypt 125

361 He is massacred by the people

127

Residence of Julian at Antioch-His successful expedition against the

Persians-Passage of the Tigris-The retreat and death of Julian

-Election of Jovian--He saves the Roman army by a disgraceful

treaty.

A. D.

The Cæsars of Julian

PAGE.

139

362 He resolves to march against the Persians

Julian proceeds from Constantinople to Antioch

Licentious manners of the people of Antioch

141

144

ib.

Their aversion to Julian

146

Scarcity of corn, and public discontent

ib.

Julian composes a satire against Antioch

149

Siege of Perisabor

ib.

Siege of Maogamalcha

Personal behaviour of Julian

He transports his fleet from the Euphrates to the Tigris

Passage of the Tigris, and victory of the Romans

Situation and obstinacy of Julian

171

174

178

180

184

He burns his fleet

187

Marches against Sapor

191

Retreat and distress of the Roman army

193

Julian is mortally wounded

196

363 Death of Julian

199

Election of the emperor Jovian

203

Danger and difficulty of the retreat

206

Negotiation and treaty of peace

209

The weakness and disgrace of Jovian

211

He continues his retreat to Nisibis

213

Universal clamour against the treaty of peace

216

Jovian evacuates Nisibis, aud restores the five pro-

vinces to the Persians

218

Reflections on the death of Julian

220

On his funeral

223

The government and death of Jovian-Election of Valentinian, who
associates his brother Valens, and makes his final division of the eas-

tern and western empires-Revolt of Procopius-Civil and eccle-
siastical administration-Germany — Britain—Africa—The East—

The Danube-Death of Valentinian-His two sons, Gratian and

Valentinian II. succeed to the western empire.

A. D.

4

363 State pf the church

364 Jovian, with his infant son, assumes the name and -

1

PAGE.

225

228

230

364 The final division of the eastern and western empires

ib,