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REPORT
of the
UNITED STATES
COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS
19 59
MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION
JOHN A. HANNAH, Chairman ROBERT G. STOREY, Vice Chairman JOHN S. BATTLE
DOYLE E. CARLTON REV, THEODORE M. HESBURGH, C.S.C. GEORGE M. JOHNSON*
STAFF DIRECTOR, GORDON M. TIFFANY
*Succeeding J. Ernest Wilkins (Deceased).
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D.O. - Price $2 (paper)
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Acadea 4-59 REPORT OF THE U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS, 1959
CONTENTS
Page
V
VII
IX
Letter of Transmittal..
Acknowledgments.---
Introduction: The Commission on Civil Rights: Its Assignment and
Activities...
PART ONE. THE CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND OF CIVIL RIGHTS
Chapter I. The Spirit of Our Laws......
II. The Requirements of the Constitution..
PART Two. VOTING
1
10
19
27
40
55
69
98
107
128
134
142
143
145
Chapter I. The American Right to Vote: A History..
II. Voting in the South After 1865...
III. A Statistical View of Negro Voting-
IV. Denials of the Right to Vote ---
V. The Alabama Hearing --
VI. Louisiana Roadblock...
VII. Federal Powers to Protect the Franchise..
VIII. Enforcement: the Civil Rights Division...
IX. Findings and Recommendations..
Dissent by Commissioner Battle----
Proposal for a Constitutional Amendment to Establish Universal Suffrage.
By Chairman Hannah and Commissioners Hesburgh and Johnson --
Separate Statement on the Proposed XXIII Amendment. By Vice Chair-
man Storey and Commissioner Carlton..
PART THREE. PUBLIC EDUCATION
Chapter I. The Problem in Historical Perspective.--
II. Segregation and Opinion, May 1954.
III. A Measure of the Task...
IV. Five Years of Progress, 1954-59...
V. Legal Developments of Resistance in the Southern States .
VI. Segregation and Desegregation in the North and West.---
VII. The Minority Teacher..
VIII. The Problems of Schools in Transition...
IX. An Evaluation of the Past and Appraisal of the Future...
X. Federal Funds for Education...
XI. Findings and Recommendations..
Supplementary Statement on Education. By Vice Chairman Storey and
Commissioners Battle and Carlton..
Proposal to Require Equal Opportunity as a Condition of Federal Grants
to Higher Education. By Chairman Hannah and Commissioners Hes-
burgh and Johnson...
Separate Statement on Conditional Federal Grants to Higher Education.
By Vice Chairman Storey and Commissioners Battle and Carlton.----
(W)
147
158
166
173
233
245
265
271
295
314
324
328
329