Thicker Than Blood: How Racial Statistics Lie

African American argued arguments average basis behavior Bell Curve biological Black Bois's causal causal effects Causal Inference causal theory cause century chapter colonial concept context correlation cultural Darwin Demography discrimination domination dysgenic economic Émile Durkheim empirical enslavement ethnic eugenic research eugenicists eugenics movement Europe European eugenics European-origin populations evolution evolutionary example Fisher focused Francis Galton gene genetic groups heredity ideas impact important individual inferential statistics inferior intellectual intelligence Journal Karl Pearson Kevles Malthus mathematical measure Mendelian modern natural observed Pearson perspective Philadelphia Negro political problem Quetelet race racial classification racial data racial differences racial statistics racial stratification racism regression result scholars scientific Scientific Racism skin color slavery Social Darwinism social science social scientists social statisticians social survey society Sociology South Africa statis statistical analysis statistical methods statistical model tion understanding United University Press variables variation W. E. B. Du Bois York