DEDUCTIVE LOGIC.

Professor Laurie.

TO BE USED ALSO AS HONOUR PAPER No. 1.

1. What are the three "Primary Laws of Thought"? Mention any objections which may be brought against the Law of Excluded Middle. would you meet these?

How

2. (a) Show the relation of extension and intension to each other, in a series of terms ordinated in

extension.

(b) Mention any ambiguities which attach to the word "connotation."

3. How would you show the validity of the process of conversion, and of other immediate inferences dependent upon this? Is it necessary, or is it possible, to establish the validity of immediate inferences by means of mediate inferences?

4. What is meant by the quantification of the predicate? Mention any objections which have been urged against Hamilton's scheme of eight propositional forms.

5. Give the rules of the categorical syllogism as usually stated. How would you deal with the charge of incompleteness which has been sometimes brought against the ordinary syllogistic conclusion?

6. What is the form of the inductive syllogism? Give an illustration. Distinguish between the so-called perfect and imperfect induction.

7. What meaning does Whately attach to petitio principii? Distinguish this fallacy from ignoratio elenchi. In what circumstances may the argumentum ad hominem be fairly used?

8. State the following in syllogistic form, and point out fallacies, if any :—

None but the honest are prudent, and all who are imprudent are foolish; some foolish persons are therefore dishonest.

(b) The Referendum has been objected to in Great Britian on the ground that it will lower the authority of the House of Commons; on the other hand, this is regarded as an argument in its favour by those who assert that the authority of the House of Commons is at present excessive. (c) Either this measure is a good one or the Government is mistaken; either the Government is not mistaken, or the Opposition will not be defeated; therefore if the Opposition be defeated, this measure is a good one.

(d) When A is B, C is D; but sometimes when Eis F, Cis not D; can it be inferred that when A is B, E is not H'?

9. The virtuous man, and he alone, is at once benevolent and wise. But no wise man is intemperate. What can you infer from these premisses about the temperate man who is not benevolent? Work out this question by Jevons's Method of Indirect Inference.

INDUCTIVE LOGIC.

Professor Laurie.

TO BE USED ALSO AS HONOUR PAPER No. 1.

1. What objections are brought by Mill against the categories of Aristotle, considered as an enumeration of nameable things? And what classification does he propose?

2. "The experience which justifies a single prediction must be such as will suffice to bear out a general theorem." Explain this statement (made by Mill in his chapter on the Functions and Value of the Syllogism), and show its bearing on the alleged possibility of inferring from particulars directly to particulars.

3. Explain the process by which an experimental science may gradually transform itself into a deductive science by the progress of experiment.

4. Discuss the following statements, explaining the points of view of the writers named :-"The notion of cause is the root of the whole theory of Induction" (Mill). "In Mill's System of Logic the term cause seems to have re-asserted its old noxious power" (Jevons).

5. Is it possible to prove a causal law by a double employment of the Method of Agreement, enumerating cases in which A is followed by a, and again, cases in which one of these phenomena (or sets of phenomena) being absent the other is absent also? Give any example of the employment of such a Method.

6. What methods are chiefly applicable in cases of heteropathic effects? And why?

7. By what method or methods do we conclude, as in geology, that former and unobserved collocations of known agents have given rise to known facts? May such conclusions be arrived at "without hypothesis?"

8. What rule has been laid down for estimating the probability of an effect, M, being produced by one or other of two causes, either of which is believed competent to produce it? Show how this rule may be applied to the solution of the question whether a certain conjunction of events is casual or causal.

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.

Professor Laurie.

To be used as Pass Paper and Honour Paper No. 1 for Second Year Students, and as Pass Paper No. 1 for Third Year Students.

1. Write a short essay on the Methods of Psychology. 2. How would you define Attention? What is its place in the usual tripartite division of mental facts? And what are its principal effects on our mental life?

3. It is remarked by Sully that Touch and Sight are "in a special manner channels of perception." Show the special importance of these senses in perception.

4. Explain the distinction frequently taken between the Cognitive, the Practical, and the Aesthetic Imagination. Is this enumeration complete? Comment upon the statement that, when swayed by feeling, imagination leads away from reality.

5. According to Bain, our consciousness of resisted locomotive energy is our notion of body. Explain the position here occupied by the subjective idealist, adding any comments.

6. On what grounds does the Subjective Idealist resolve mind, as known to us, into a succession of phenomena ? How does Mill meet the difficulty involved in memory and expectation ?

7. State, and consider, Spencer's treatment of Space and Time in his chapter on "Ultimate Scientific Ideas."

8. On what grounds is it maintained by Spencer that by every school of philosophy "a certainty greater than that which any reasoning can yield has to be recognized at the outset of all reasoning"? Examine his case as against the empiricist.

9. State, and examine, Spencer's argument for Realism in his chapter on "The Dynamics of Consciousness."