7. Burke affirms that "it is no inconsiderable part of wisdom to know how much of an evil ought to be tolerated." Exemplify this position by examples from the history of the last 150 years.

8. What do you consider to be the most significant event in the history of the Empire during the Eighteenth Century, and for what reasons?

9. Explain and criticise the general policy of Mr. Pitt with regard to Ireland.

10. Who succeeded Lord Castlereagh as Foreign Minister in 1822? What important changes in foreign policy were made in consequence?

11. Give a short account of the several forms of government which prevailed in the early North American Colonies, and of the difficulties characteristic of each form.

12. Give a short account of the various land-systems which prevail in British India, and show how they have grown up.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

FIRST PAPer.

Professor Elkington.

1. Trace the influence of modern sanitary improvement as an agency in promoting the efficiency of labour.

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2. What are the four historical bases of taxation"? Show to what extent they or any of them satisfy Adam Smith's first canon.

3. Consider Adam Smith's remarks as to the un desirability of long terms of apprenticeship.

4. Show how modern inventions tend to give an abnormal increase to production and to displace old forms of labour.

5. Show how the possible injury to society, consequent upon the tendency referred to in the preceding question, may best be counteracted.

6. State and criticise the leading opinions which have been put forward as to the nature of Value.

7. State and criticise the leading opinions which have been put forward as to the meaning of Cost of Production.

8. "Complete freedom of transferability of capital presupposes complete freedom of transferability of labour, and can only be attained when and where this exists."-Economic Studies, p. 55.

Explain this citation and point out the chief prerequisites to the transferability of labour.

9. Who, according to Bagehot, is the true founder of abstract Political Economy, and for what reasons?

10. Professor Ingram describes three successive modern phases of economic speculation. Characterise them briefly.

11. (a) Should life incomes be subject to the same rate of taxation as permanent incomes? Give your

reasons.

(b) Should invested savings be subject to income tax? Give your reasons.

12. Mention and discuss some of the chief precautions needful in the use of statistics in economic reasonings.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

SECOND PAPER.

Professor Elkington.

1. What is meant by the Inverse Deductive Method? To what kinds of sociological investigation is it essential?

2. Does the subjection of historical facts to uniform laws imply the insignificance of moral causes in the progress of society?

3. Does the subjection of historical facts to uniform laws imply the inefficacy of the characters of eminent men in the progress of society?

4. What is the so-called doctrine of the Original Contract? Trace briefly its history. Is it impossible for a political society to originate in

contract?

5. "The denial of a social science has arisen from the
confusing of two essentially different classes of
phenomena which societies present."
SPENCER, Study, p. 47.

Explain clearly.

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MR.

6. "We have to get rid of the two beliefs that human nature is unchangeable and that it is easily changed."-Ib., p. 145.

Why? What belief is to take their place and for what reasons?

7. Define Evolution, and very briefly apply your definition to known facts and generalizations of political science.

8. "Originally supreme, though passive, the third element in the tri-une political structure, subjected more and more as militant activity develops an appropriate organisation, begins to re-acquire power when war ceases to be chronic."-Political Institutions, p. 440.

(a) What is the third element? Show that it was originally supreme, though passive.

(b) Trace very briefly the evolution of the other two elements.

(c) Show from recent history how military interference in political affairs tends to operate in the manner indicated.

9. "In all ways, then, we are shown that with this relative decrease of militancy and relative increase of industrialism, there has been a change from a social order in which individuals exist for the

benefit of the State, to a social order in which the State exists for the benefit of individuals."Ib., p. 710.

From your general reading illustrate this citation carefully.

SCHOOL OF LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY.

I.-FORMAL LOGIC.

Professor Laurie.

1. To what extent does Formal Logic provide an answer to the inquiry into the criteria of truth? If the answer be inadequate, where must we look for its completion ?

2. Mention, and discuss, any objections which have been urged against the logical law of Identity.

3. When are propositions technically said to be opposed to each other? State clearly the meaning (a) of contradictory opposition; (b) of contrary opposition. May the notion of contrariety be extended beyond the cases contemplated in the ordinary square of opposition?

4. Mention the two types of alternative (or disjunctive) propositions, and discuss their import.

5. If the middle term be distributed in both premisses of a categorical syllogism, what can be inferred as to the conclusion? Prove your answer by reference to the syllogistic rules.