CHAPTER

X. MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEY....

Measures. Weights. Inscribed Weights. Money.

XI. HIGH PLACES AND TEMPLES..

A Sanctuary of the Pre-Semitic Cave-Dwellers. A Rock-Altar

at Megiddo. A Rock-Altar at Jerusalem. High Place at Tell

es-Safi. High Place at Gezer. At Taanach. High Places at

Petra. A Supposed Philistine Temple. At Megiddo. The

Temple to Augustus at Samaria.

XII. THE TOMBS OF PALESTINE.

Burning the Dead. Cave Burials. Cistern Burial. Burial

under Menhirs. Earth-Graves. Rock-Hewn Shaft Tombs.

Doorway Tombs. Tombs with a Rolling-Stone.

XIII. JERUSALEM..

Solomon's Jerusalem.

From Hezekiah to the

The Second Temple.

Situation. Gihon. Cave-Dwellers. The El-Amarna Period.

Jebusite Jerusalem. The City of David.

From Solomon to Hezekiah. Hezekiah.

Exile. The Destruction of 586 B. C.

Nehemiah and the Walls. Late Persian and Early Greek Periods.

In the Time of the Maccabees. Asmonæan Jerusalem. Herod

the Great. The Pool of Bethesda. Gethsemane. Calvary.

Agrippa I and the Third Wall.

XIV. THE DECAPOLIS..

Origin. Damascus. Scythopolis. Cities East of the Sea of

Galilee. Gadara. Pella and Dion. Gerasa. Philadelphia.

Jesus in the Decapolis.

XV. ATHENS, CORINTH, AND THE CHURCHES OF ASIA.

PAGE

158

167

179

185

213

219

PART II

CHAPTER

PAGE

I. AN EPIC OF THE CREATION WHICH CIRCULATED IN BABYLON AND

ASSYRIA IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY B. C........

235

Text of the Epic. Comparison of the Epic with the First

Chapter of Genesis. The Epic and Other Parts of the Bible.

II. ANOTHER ACCOUNT OF THE CREATION FOUND AT BABYLON....

255

Text of the Account. Comparison of it with Genesis 2.

III. THE BABYLONIAN SABBATH..

258

Feast of Marduk and Zarpanit. A Day called Shabatum.

A Day in Some Tablets at Yale.

IV. THE LEGEND OF ADAPA AND THE FALL OF MAN..

260

Comparison with Genesis 3. The Adapa Myth.

V. THE PATRIARCHS BEFORE THE FLOOD.

264

Babylonian Long-Lived Kings. Comparison with Genesis 5.

Comparison with Genesis 4.

Comparison with the List of

Berossos.

CHAPTER

VI. A BABYLONIAN ACCOUNT OF THE FLOOD, FROM A TABLET WRIT-

TEN AT NINEVEH IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY B. C............

Translation of the Text. Comparison with Genesis 6-9.

Another Babylonian Version.

VII. AN ACCOUNT OF THE CREATION AND FLOOD, FROM A TABLET

WRITTEN AT NIPPUR BEFORE 2000 B. C..

Translation. Comparison with the Other Version.

VIII. AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF A CITY AND THE BEGINNING

OF AGRICULTURE, FROM A TABLET WRITTEN AT NIPPUR

BEFORE 2000 B. C...

PAGE

273

278

283

Translation. Comparison with Biblical Material.

IX. ABRAHAM AND ARCHÆOLOGY....

290

Abraham hired an Ox. Abraham leased a Farm. Abra-

ham paid his Rent. Who was this Abraham? Travel

between Babylonia and Palestine. Hammurapi, King of the

Westland. Kadur-Mabug. Kings supposed by some to be

those of Genesis 14.

X. JACOB AND JOSEPH.

Appearances of these Names in Babylonian and Egyptian

Records. "The Tale of the Two Brothers"; its Bearing on

the Story of Joseph in Genesis. Letters to a Ruler like

Joseph. The Seven Years of Famine. Inscription showing

Preparation for Famine.

XI. PALESTINE IN THE PATRIARCHAL AGE...

299

307

The Tale of Sinuhe. Communication between Egypt and

Palestine.

XII. MOSES AND THE EXODUS..

310

The Legend of Sargon of Agade; its Resemblance to the

Story of Moses. The Pillar of Merneptah; the Only Appear-

ance of the Name "Israel" outside of the Bible.

313

XIII. THE CODE OF HAMMURAPI AND THE PENTATEUCH..

The Text of the Code; Resemblance to and Contrast with the

Mosaic Code. The Mosaic Code not borrowed from the

Babylonian; Different Underlying Conceptions.

XIV. AN ALLEGED PARALLEL TO LEVITICUS A CARTHAGINIAN LAW

CONCERNING SACRIFICES.....

342

The Text of the Carthaginian Law. Comparison with the

Levitical Law.

XV. SOME LETTERS FROM PALESTINE...

344

Letters of Rib-Adda of Gebal. Of Ebed-Hepa of Jerusalem.

Their Light on Conditions in the Period of the Egyptian

Domination of Palestine.

352

XVI. DOCUMENTS FROM THE TIME OF ISRAEL'S Judges..

Report of Wenamon. Its Illustration of Certain Points of

Biblical History about the Time of Deborah or Gideon. Refer-

ence to the Philistines.

CHAPTER

XVII. ARCHEOLOGICAL LIGHT ON THE BOOKS OF KINGS...

Gudea and Cedar-Wood for his Palace. The Eponym

Canon. The Seal of Shema. Shishak's List of Conquered

Asiatic Cities. Ashurnasirpal's Description of his Expedition

to Mediterranean Lands. Shalmaneser III's Claims regard-

ing Tribute from the Kings of Israel. The Moabite Stone.

Adadnirari IV's Mention of the "Land of Omri." Inscription

describing Tiglathpileser IV's Campaign. Sargon's Con-

quests. Sennacherib's Western Campaigns. The Siloam

Inscription. Esarhaddon's List of Conquered Kings. Ashur-

banipal's Assyrian Campaign. Necho of Egypt. Nebuchad-
rezzar II. Evil-Merodach. Discoveries in Sheba.

XVIII. THE END OF THE BABYLONIAN EXILE.....

Inscriptions of Nabuna'id; their Bearing on Biblical State-

ments regarding Belshazzar. Account of the Capture of

Babylon bearing on the Book of Daniel. Inscription of Cyrus

bearing on the Capture of Babylon. Cyrus's Permission for

the Return to Jerusalem.

PAGE

358

382

XIX. A JEWISH COLONY IN EGYPT DURING THE TIME OF NEHEMIAH. 387

Papyri Witness to the Existence of a Colony at Elephantine.

Translation of a Petition relating to their Temple.

Reply

of Persian Governor. Historical Bearings of these Docu-

ments. A Letter relating to the Passover. A Letter show-

ing that the Jews were Unpopular at Elephantine.

XX. A BABYLONIAN JOB....

Translation of a Poem relating to the Afflictions of a

Good Man. Comparison with the Book of Job. A Fragment

of Another Similar Poem.

XXI. PSALMS FROM BABYLONIA AND EGYPT....

Character of their Psalms. Babylonian Prayers to the

Goddess Ishtar. Comparison with the Psalter. A Babylo-

nian Hymn to the Moon-God. A Babylonian Hymn to Bel.

An Egyptian Hymn to the Sun-God. Is the Hymn Monothe-

istic? An Egyptian Hymn in Praise of Aton. Comparison

with the Psalter.

XXII. PARALLELS TO PROVERBS AND ECCLESIASTES.

The Nature of the Book of Proverbs and the Parallels.

Babylonian Proverbs from the Library of Ashurbanipal.

Precepts from the Library of Ashurbanipal. Comparison with

the Bible. Egyptian Precepts of Ptahhotep. Comparison

with the Bible. Parallel to Ecclesiastes from the Gilgamesh

Epic.

XXIII. EGYPTIAN PARALLELS TO THE SONG OF SONGS..

Nature of the Song of Songs. Translation of Some Egyptian

Love-Poems. Comparison with Biblical Passages.

XXIV. ILLUSTRATIONS OF PASSAGES IN THE PROPHETS....

Uniqueness of the Prophetic Books. An Assyrian Pro-

phetic Vision. Comparison with the Bible. The Egyptian

392

398

407

413

417

CHAPTER

Social Conscience. Tale of the Eloquent Peasant. Compari-

son with the Bible. An Ideal King; Extract from the Admo-

nitions of Ipuwer. Comparison with Messianic Expectations.

Sheol. Ishtar's Descent to the Underworld. Comparison

with Prophetic Passages. A Lamentation for Tammuz.

XXV. REPUTED SAYINGS OF JESUS FOUND IN EGYPT.....

PAGE

428

Early Collections of the Words of Jesus. Translation of

Sayings found in 1897. Comments. Translation of a Leaf

found in 1904. Comments. Opinions as to these Sayings.

XXVI. ARCHEOLOGICAL LIGHT ON THE ENROLMENT OF QUIRINIUS... 432

Translation of a Papyrus showing that in the Second Cen-

tury Enrolment was made Every Fourteen Years. Com-

ments. Translation referring to an Enrolment in the Reign of

Nero. Fragment from the Reign of Tiberius. Enrolments

probably inaugurated by Augustus. Document showing that

People went to their own towns for Enrolment. Inscrip-

tion supposed to refer to Quirinius. Inscription from Asia

Minor referring to Quirinius. Discussion. Conclusions.

XXVII. ARCHEOLOGICAL LIGHT ON THE ACTS AND EPISTLES........

APPENDIX....

The Politarchs of Thessalonica. An Altar to Unknown

Gods. An Inscription from Delphi and the Date of Paul's

Contact with Gallio. Some Epistles from Egypt. Inscrip-

tions mentioning Aretas, King of Arabia.

Discoveries at Carchemish. Hrozny's Decipherment of

Hittite. Discoveries at Jerusalem and Balata. A New
Babylonian Account of the Creation of Man. Reports of
Commanders of Egyptian Frontier-Fortresses Relating to the
Entrance of Asiatics into Egypt in Time of Famine. Sup-
posed Trace of the Ten Lost Tribes in Mesopotamia. Dis-
covery of the Name "Israel" in Babylonia. Inscription on
the Floor of a Synagogue. Recently Discovered Portions of
the Babylonian Creation Epic. Another Sumerian Account
of the Creation of Man. A Babylonian Song of Songs.

INDEX OF SCRIPTURE PASSAGES.

INDEX.....

ILLUSTRATIONS: Plates 1-114.

438

445

467

473