Archæology and the Bible

of religious devotion which took the conceptions of the prophets out of the realm of individual speculation and made them the working ethics of a whole people. Archæology thus reinforces to the modern man with unmistakable emphasis the ancient words, "Men spake from God, being moved by the Holy Spirit" (2 Peter 1:21).

The writer is under obligation to all his predecessors. Endeavor has been made in the footnotes to acknowledge each individual obligation. Lest any oversight may have occurred there, he would here express both his indebtedness and his gratitude to all who by their various explorations and studies have preceded him and been his teachers.

Of these, Prof. R. A. Stewart Macalister should, perhaps, be singled out for an especial word of gratitude, for in Chapters VI-XI of Part I his work of excavation has been quoted more frequently than any other. This apparent partiality is due to the fact that Gezer was excavated more completely than any other Palestinian site; that, because of its early and long-continued occupation in ancient times, it reveals a great variety of civilizations; and that, in The Excavation of Gezer, Prof. Macalister has presented the results of his work with a completeness and a degree of intelligibility that no other excavator in Palestine has approached. He has made his work a model of what such a publication should be, and has thereby made us all his debtors.

Especial thanks are due to Dr. George B. Gordon, Director of the University Museum, Philadelphia, for his kindness in furnishing an advance copy of the proof-sheets of Volume X of the Publications of the Babylonian Section of the museum, from which the material embodied in Chapter VIII of Part II was translated, and to Prof. Morris Jastrow, Jr., and Dr. Edward Chiera for the benefit of their fresh collation of the text. This was of considerable importance, since Dr. Langdon's copy of large portions of it had been made from photographs, rather than from the original tablet. The writer is also indebted to Prof. W. R. Arnold, of Andover Theological Seminary, for helpful suggestions concerning the interpretation of a passage in the temple-papyrus from Elephantine which has hitherto baffled translators. Thanks are also due to the following authors and publishers for permission to reproduce illustrations contained in books written or published by them: The Palestine Exploration Fund, for permission relating to Warren's Jerusalem; Bliss and Macalister's Excavations in Palestine, 1898–

1900; Macalister's Excavation of Gezer, and Peters and Thiersch's Painted Tombs of Marissa; Rev. Prof. C. J. Ball, of Oxford, Light from the East; J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, Koldewey's Das Wieder Erstehende Babylon; Dr. I. Benzinger and Herr Paul Siebeck, Hebräische Archäologie; Monsieur J. Gabalda, Vincent's Jérusalem; Prof. A. T. Clay, of Yale, Light on the Old Testament from Babel; Prof. Paul Haupt, of Johns Hopkins, The Psalms in his Sacred Books of the Old Testament; Rev. J. P. Peters and G. P. Putnam's Sons, Peters' Nippur; Prof. C. C. Torrey, of Yale, Journal of the American Oriental Society; George H. Doran Co., Ramsay's Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia; Dr. Mitchell Carroll, American Journal of Archæology and Art and Archæology; Rev. A. E. Breen, Diary of My Life in the Holy Land; Thomas Nelson and Sons, The Illustrated Teachers' Bible; and to Ferris and Leach, for permission to use again a number of photographs published in the writer's A Year's Wandering in Bible Lands. Dr. R. E. Brünnow not only granted permission to reproduce illustrations from Brünnow and Domaszewski's Provincia Arabia, but generously loaned the original photographs and drawings. Prof. Harold N. Fowler, Editor of the American Journal of Archæology, also kindly loaned an original photograph of the excavation at Sardis. The source of each illustration, when not the writer's own, is indicated in the list of illustrations by mentioning the name of the author of the book or article from which it is taken.

Grateful acknowledgment should also be made to Rev. Edwin Wilbur Rice, D. D., Litt. D., Honorary Editor of the Publications of the American Sunday-School Union, who carefully read the book in manuscript and made many valuable criticisms and suggestions.

The table of contents and the chapter-headings were prepared by James McConaughy, Litt. D., Editor of the Publications of the American Sunday-School Union; the indices, by A. J. R. Schumaker, M. A., Assistant Editor. The writer is grateful to them, not only for this service, but for many helpful criticisms and courtesies while the book has been passing through the press. Valuable suggestions have also been made by Mrs. Barton, who has carefully read the proofs. Miss Bertha V. Dreisbach has given intelligent and painstaking service in preparing the manuscript for the press, and in proof-reading; Mr. V. Winfield Challenger and Miss Laura G. Leach have rendered a like valuable service in assembling and arranging the illustrations.

The quotations of Scripture passages throughout are from the American Standard Revised Version.

If this volume should bring to some remote worker or secluded young person a tithe of the inspiration and joy that such a book would have brought the writer in the rural home of his boyhood, he would ask no higher reward for the labor it has cost.

BRYN MAWR, PA.
MAY, 1916.

GEORGE A. BARTON.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

It is gratifying to know that this book has been found useful by so many students of the Bible and that a second edition is necessary. Minor errors, especially typographical, have been corrected throughout the volume. The chief feature of this edition is the addition of an Appendix, in which will be found some material that has come to light in the last year, and one or two items that were overlooked when the first edition was written. GEORGE A. BARTON.

BRYN MAWR, PA.
JUNE, 1917.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

THE writer is glad that students of the Bible still find sufficient use for this volume to make a third edition of it desirable. The preparation of such an edition has afforded him opportunity to improve the translations of the Babylonian texts on pages 283 ff. and 447 ff. by incorporating such new renderings as the published dis

cussions of them by different scholars have rendered probable. On pp. 452 ff. two new items have been added. One of these is an old Babylonian seal bearing the name "Israel," the other, an inscription from the mosaic floor of a Palestinian Jewish synagogue which was laid bare during the course of the Great War by the bursting of a shell. Two new illustrations have been added in order to present these to the eye.

While this edition was passing through the press two books by Professor Hrozny on the decipherment of Hittite came to hand. The results of Professor Hrozny's investigations are noted on pp. 445 ff. The slight relaxation, brought about by the armistice, of the war restrictions against trade with Germany has permitted two volumes of cuneiform texts copied from tablets found at Ashur to reach the writer. These also came while he was reading the proofs of this edition. They happily supply some important gaps in the text of the Creation Epic published in Part II, Chapter I of this book, as well as a new parallel to the Song of Songs. The writer is happy thus to place this new material before his readers. It will be found at the end of the Appendix. Especially important is the account of the creation of man in Tablet VI of the Creation Epic which we now have almost in its entirety. It is interesting to compare this with still another Sumerian account of the creation of man found on a tablet from Ashur, which is also presented to the English reader for the first time in Section X of the Appendix.

Perhaps the most surprising portion of this new material is the account in Tablet VI of the Creation Epic, translated on pp. 458 and 459 of how man fell away from his primeval state of loyalty to the gods and was brought back to it by the death and resurrection of a god. Some of the lines describing it might almost have been written of the death and resurrection of Christ.

BRYN MAWR, PA,
JUNE, 1920.

GEORGE A. BARTON.