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CONTENTS

The meaning of the term "property,” p. 1.—Savages accused of thievishness,

p. 2.-Theft condemned by savages, pp. 2-13.—The condemnation of

theft influenced by the value of the goods stolen, pp. 13-15.—The steal-

ing of objects of a certain kind punished with particular severity, p. 14.

-The appropriation of a small quantity of food not punished at all,

p. 14 sq.-Exceptions to the rule that the punishment of theft is in-

Huenced by the worth or nature of the appropriated property, p. 15.-

The degree of criminality attached to theft influenced by the place

where it is committed, p. 15 sq.-A theft committed by night punished

more heavily than one committed by day, p. 16.-Distinction made

between ordinary theft and robbery, p. 16 sq.-Distinction made be-

tween manifest and non-manifest theft, p. 17-Successful thieves not

disapproved of but rather admired, pp. 17-19.-The moral valuation

of theft influenced by the social position of the thief and of the person

robbed, p. 19 sq.—Varies according as the victim is a tribesman or

fellow-countryman or a stranger, pp. 20-25.-The treatment of ship-

wrecked people in Europe, p. 25.-The destruction of property held

legitimate in warfare, p. 25 sq.-The seizure of private property in war,

P. 26 sq.-Military contributions and requisitions levied upon the

inhabitants of the hostile territory, p. 27.-Proprietary incapacities of

children, p. 27 sq.-Of women, pp. 28-31.-Of slaves, pp. 31-33.-The

theory that nobody but the chief or king has proprietary rights, p. 33.

Acquisition of property by occupation, pp. 35-39.-By keeping possession
of a thing, pp. 39-41.-By labour, pp. 41-43.-By a transfer of pro-
perty by its owner, p. 43.-By inheritance, pp. 44-49. By the fact
that ownership in a thing directly follows from ownership in another
thing, p. 49 sq.-By the custom which prescribes community of goods,
p. 50.—The origin of proprietary rights and of the various modes of
acquisition, pp. 51-57.-Explanation of the incapacity of children,
wives, and slaves to acquire property, p. 57.-Why the moral judg
ments vary with regard to different acts of theft, pp. 57-59.-Theft

Explanation of the moral ideas concerning truthfulness and good faith,

pp. 109-131.-When detected a deception implies a conflict between

two irreconcilable ideas, which causes pain, p. 109.-Men like to know

the truth, p. 109 sq.-The importance of knowing the truth, p. 110.-

Deception humiliating, ibid.-A lie or breach of faith held more con-

demnable in proportion to the magnitude of the harm caused by it, ibid.

-The importance of truthfulness and fidelity even in apparently

trifling cases, p. 110 sq.-Deceit held permissible or obligatory when

promoting the true interest of the person subject to it, p. 111.-The

moral valuation of an act of falsehood influenced by its motive, p. 111 sq.

-The opinion that no motive can justify an act of falsehood, p. 112.-

Why falsehood is held permissible, or praiseworthy, or obligatory, when

directed against a stranger, ibid. Deceit condemned as cowardly,

p. 113.-A clever lie admired or approved of, p. 114.-The duties of

sincerity and good faith to some extent founded on prudential con-

siderations, pp. 114-124.-Lying attended with supernatural danger,

ibid. A mystic efficacy ascribed to the untrue word, pp. 116-118.-

The efficacy of oaths and the methods of charging them with super-

natural energy, pp. 118-122.-Oaths containing appeals to supernatural

beings, pp. 120-122.-By being frequently appealed to in oaths a god

may come to be looked upon as a guardian of veracity and good faith,

p. 123. The influence of oath-taking upon veracity, p. 123 sq.-The

influence of education upon the regard for truth, p. 124.-The influence

The regard for other persons' happiness in general, p. 153 sq.-The moral

ideas concerning conduct which affects other persons' welfare influenced

by the relationship between the parties, pp. 154-166.—The feeling of

gratitude said to be lacking in many uncivilised races, pp. 155-157.—

Criticism of statements to this effect, pp. 157-161.-Savages described

as grateful for benefits bestowed on them, pp. 161-165.-Gratitude

represented as an object of praise or its absence as an object of dis-

approval, p. 165 sq.-Why ungratefulness is disapproved of, p. 166.-

The patriotic sentiment defined, p. 167.-Though hardly to be found

among the lower savages, it seems to be far from unknown among

uncultured peoples of a higher type, p. 167 sq.-Many of the elements

out of which patriotism proper has grown clearly distinguishable among

savages, even the lowest, pp. 168-172.-National conceit, pp. 170-174.

-The relation between the national feeling and the religious feeling,

P. 174 sq.-The patriotism of ancient Greece and Rome, p. 175 sq.-

The moral valuation of patriotism, p. 176.-Duties to mankind at

large, pp. 176-179.-The ideal of patriotism rejected by Greek and

Roman philosophers, p. 177 sq.-By Christianity, p. 178 sq.-The lack

of patriotism and national feeling during the Middle Ages, pp. 179–181.

-The development of the national feeling in England, p. 181 sq.-In

France, p. 182.-The cosmopolitanism of the eighteenth century,

p. 182 sq.-European patriotism after the French revolution, p. 183 sq.

-The theory of nationalism, p. 184.-The cosmopolitan spirit, p. 184 sq.

Maternal affection, pp. 186-189.-Prof. Espinas's theory, p. 186 sq.-Prof.

Bain's theory, p. 187 sq.-Mr. Spencer's theory, p. 188.-Distinction

between maternal love and the mere love of the helpless, p. 188 sq.-

The paternal instinct, p. 189 sq.-Conjugal attachment, pp. 190-192.

-The duration of conjugal attachment, p. 192 sq.-The duration of

parental affection, p. 193.-Filial affection, p. 194.-Man originally,

as it seems, not a gregarious animal, p. 195 sq.-How he became

gregarious, p. 196 sq.-The gregarious instinct, p. 197.-Social affection,

p. 197 sq.-The evolution of social aggregates influenced by economic

conditions, pp. 198-201.-The social aggregates of savages who know

neither cattle-rearing nor agriculture, pp. 198-200.-Of pastoral peo-

ples, p. 201. Of peoples subsisting on agriculture, ibid.—Social units

based on marriage or a common descent, p. 201 sq.-The social force

in kinship, pp. 202-204.-Mr. Hartland's theory, pp. 204-206.-The

blood-covenant, pp. 206-209.-The social influence of a common cult

among savages, pp. 209-213.-The "four generations" of the Chinese,

p. 213. Traces of a clan organisation in China, p. 213 sq.-The joint

family among so-called Aryan peoples, pp. 214-216.-Village communi-

ties, clans, phratries, and tribes among these peoples, pp. 216-220.-

The prevalence of the paternal system of descent among the peoples of

archaic culture, p. 220.-
-Associations of tribes among uncivilised races,

p. 220 sq.-Civilisation only thrives in states, p. 221 sq.-The origin of

states, p. 222.-The influence of the State upon the smaller units of

which it is composed, p. 222 sq.-The State and the notion of a common

descent, pp. 223-225.—The archaic State not only a political but a

religious community, p. 225 sq.-The national importance of a common

religion, p. 226.-The influence of social development upon the altruis-

tic sentiment, p. 226 sq.-The altruistic sentiment has not necessarily

reference only to individuals belonging to the same social unit, p. 227 sq.

-The expansion of altruism in mankind, p. 228.

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