equalize conditions and fortunes any more than we can equalize the brains of men... we can yet, perhaps, do something to correct those methods and influences that lead to enormous inequalities, and to prevent their growing more enormous. It is all very well to pooh-pooh Mr. George and to prove him mistaken in his political economy. I do not believe that land should be divided because the quantity of it is limited by nature. Of what may this not be said? . . . But he is right in his impelling motive; right also, I am convinced, in insisting that humanity makes a part, by far the most important part, of political economy; and in thinking man to be of more concern and more convincing than the longest columns of figures in the world. For unless you include human nature in your addition, your total is sure to be wrong and your deduction from it is sure to be fallacious." What follows has been largely quoted. "Socialism," as opposed to State Socialism," means, or wishes to mean 'the practical application of Christianity to life, and has in it the secret of an orderly and benign reconstruction.' "Let us be of good cheer, however, remembering that the misfortunes hardest to bear are those which never come."

..

The brief address upon the death of Garfield follows well upon this. "In the presence of that death-scene so homely, so human, so august in its unostentatious heroism, the commonplaces of ordinary eulogy stammer with the sudden shame of their own ineptitude." "Not only has his blood re-cemented our Union, but the dignity, the patience, the self-restraint, the thoughtfulness for others, the serene valor which he showed under circumstances so disheartening and amid the wreck of hopes so splendid, are a possession and a stimulus to his countrymen forever. The emulation of examples like his makes nations great and keeps them so. The soil out of which such men as he are made is good to be born on, good to live on, good to die for and to be buried in."

Of Fielding the author says: "He had the courage to be absolutely sincere, if he had not always the tact to see where sincerity is out of place. We may discuss, we may estimate him, but we cannot push him from his place. His imagination was of that secondary order of which I have spoken, subdued to what it worked in; and his creative power is not less in degree than that of purely ideal artists, but was different in kind, or, if not, is made to seem so by the more vulgar substance in which it is wrought." "Fielding's characters are very real persons; but they are not types in the same sense as Lear and Hamlet. They seem to be men whom we have seen rather than men whom we might see if we were lucky enough men who have been rather than who might have been." "We may read Fielding's character clearly in his books, for it was not complex, but especially in his 'Voyage to Lisbon,' where he reveals it in artless inadvertence. He was a lovingly thoughtful husband, a tender father, a good brother, a useful and sagacious magistrate. He was courageous, gentle, thoroughly conscious of his own dignity as a gentleman, and able to make that dignity respected."

Of the address on Coleridge, we may say, that its character, as the world has already determined, is ripe and rounded completeness, æsthetic, intellectual, and spiritual maturity. It is worthy of the author and of the subject, worthy of England and of America, and worthy of Westminster Abbey.

In the address at the opening of the Chelsea library we find a sentence which shows how far Mr. Lowell is, in that desire which has al

ways guided him, that "Christ should not be shuffled away into the Apocrypha," from being a Fifth Monarchy man of our century. "A public library should also have many and full shelves of political economy, for the dismal science, as Carlyle called it, if it prove nothing else, will go far towards proving that theory is the bird in the bush, though she sing more sweetly than the nightingale, and that the millennium will not hasten its coming in deference to the most convincing string of resolutions that were ever unanimously adopted in public meeting. It likewise induces in us a profound and wholesome distrust of social panaceas."

In the address on Wordsworth, besides the mention of the " rare quality of the minds that he has most attracted and influenced," and the admission that he continues to be insular; that he makes no conquests beyond the boundaries of his mother-tongue; that, "more than perhaps any poet of equal endowment, he is great and surprising in passages and ejaculations," we have been most struck by this reference to the central poem of the world: "In what I think to be the sublimest reach to which poetry has risen, the conclusion of the 'Paradiso,' Dante tells us that within the three whirling rings of vari-colored light that symbolize the wisdom, the power, and the love of God, he seems to see the image of man."

A peculiarly fine touch in the paper on Don Quixote is this: "It is noticeable too, in passing, what a hypethral story it is, how much of it passes in the open air, how the sun shines, the birds sing, the brooks dance, and the leaves murmur in it." Last comes the Harvard address which we all have in our memories. May this remain in our memories in these days when "the baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart goes all decorum," and this topsy-turvy is praised as the highest enlightenment. "We are trying to do two things with one tool, and that tool not specially adapted to either. Are our students old enough thoroughly to understand the import of the choice they are called on to make, and if old enough, are they wise enough? Shall their parents make the choice for them? I am not sure that even parents are so wise as the unbroken experience and practice of mankind. We are comforted by being told that in this we are only complying with what is called the Spirit of the Age, which may be, after all, only a finer name for the mischievous goblin known to our forefathers as Puck. I have seen several Spirits of the Age in my time, of very different voices and summoning in very different directions, but unanimous in their propensity to land us in the mire at last." With what follows thereupon.

The general effect of these papers is to fortify the belief, that one is not likely to be greatly moved by ephemeral falsehood, who is well grounded in eternal Truth, and that a knowledge of what is vital in the past is an admirable preservative against becoming a slave of the present. Charles C. Starbuck.

ANDOVER.

GERMAN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE.

Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, von P. D. Chautepie de la Saussaye, Dr. und ord. Prof. der Theologie in Amsterdam. Erster Band. Freiburg i. B.: Mohr: 1887. 8vo, pp. x, 465. 9 marks. The Sammlung theologischer Lehrbücher, of which Holtzmann's N. T. Einleitung and Harnack's Dogmengeschichte formed the first two volumes, is in

creased by another important work, and the thanks of the general theological public as well as of students are again due to the publishers for their praiseworthy undertaking. A glance over the list of contributors whose works are in course of preparation assures us that the character of the series will be sustained, and that scientific theology will continue to be a gainer. The present work is preeminently a text-book. It exhibits with clearness and conciseness the chief points of the various subjects which it treats, leaving the minor details, of interest only to the specialist, to be sought elsewhere. At the same time the literature is given with sufficient fullness to guide the student in more extended work. The first volume is divided into an Allgemeiner Theil, which treats of such introductory subjects as the science of religion in general, the origin of religion, etc., a Phänomenologischer Theil, an Ethnographischer Theil, and a Historischer Theil, the last embracing the religions of the Chinese, Egyp tians, Babylonians and Assyrians, and Indians. The next volume, which is expected to appear within a year, will treat the religions of the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Germanic peoples, and Mohammedanism. We quote a few sentences which will serve to show the standpoint of the author, and his position upon some of the mooted points. "Wir wollen also auch in der Religionswissenschaft die Bedeutung der mechanischen Betrachtung, den Werth der Evolutionslehre nicht schmälern, glauben aber nicht, dass diese Lehre zur Beurtheilung des religiösen Lebens der Menschen ausreicht" (p. 10). "Die Frage nach der Uroffenbarung darf also keineswegs als eine ganz oder halb-historische gelten; sie ist eine rein philosophische" (p. 23). "Vielmehr gilt uns die Religion als aus dem Wesen des Menschen hervorgegangen, unter Einflüssen und Umständen, worin Gottes Activität sich bethätigte, ohne dass wir aber die Form und die Verhältnisse, worin dies geschah, bestimmen können (p. 24). "Vielmehr glauben wir, dass Religion und Sittlichkeit, im Ursprung getrennt, sich später mit einander verbunden haben, dass das religiöse Verhältniss sich im Laufe der Entwicklung moralisirt hat" (p. 35). "Deshalb ist es undenkbar dieses Volk (Israelites) so direct an ägyptische Ursprünge zu knüpfen, wie man thut, wenn man die Jahvereligion für ein Stück ägyptischer Geheimlehre hält. . (p. 317). Geschichte der Christlichen Ethik, von Dr. W. Gass. Erster Band: Bis zur Reformation (1881. 8vo, pp. xviii, 457). Zweiten Bandes erste Abtheilung: Sechszehntes und siebzehntes Jahrhundert. Die vorherrschend kirchliche Ethik (1886. Pp. xvi, 372). Zweiten Bandes zweite Abtheilung: Achtzehntes und neunzehntes Jahrhundert. Die philosophische und die theologische Ethik (1887. Pp. xvi, 386). Berlin: Reimer, complete 20 marks. The recently issued second part of the second volume of this work completes a most important contribution to the history of ethics. The first volume has been before the public since 1881, and therefore the work as a whole needs no commendation here. The present installment handles Die Vorkantische Entwicklung, Kant und seine Epoche, Katholische Moraltheologie, Die speculativen Schulen, Die Literatur der Neuzeit. The method and standpoint of the author (the venerable Heidelberg professor) may be gathered from a sentence or two in the closing chapter of his work. "Die von uns vorangestellte Darstellung eines Processes wird methodisch dadurch bedingt sein, dass wir uns in der Möglichkeit befinden, entweder den Standpunkt einer sittlich religiösen oder einer religiös sittlichen Entwicklung durchzuführen. Ich habe meinerseits dem ersteren, d. h. dem synthe

...

tischen Verfahren den Vorzug gegeben, und zwar im Anschluss an den Gang der Menschengeschichte, welchem zufolge ein gewisser Besitz sittlicher Urtheile dem durchgreifenden Einfluss der Religion als vorangehend gedacht werden muss." "Nach unserer Meinung giebt es für den Ethiker keine frühere Frage als die, wie der Mensch zu sich selber steht, die anthropologische und psychologische, die eine physiologische Erkenntniss zur Unterlage hat" (p. 369). "Aber auch der Determinismus ist unhaltbar für sich allein. Menschliche Handlungen gehen nicht wie Consequenzen auseinander hervor, sondern werden von Momenten der Erwägung und erneuten Besinnung unterbrochen, es ist kein Gesetz, was sie verbindet" (p. 372). Der Reichstag zu Speier 1526 im Zusammenhang der politischen und kirchlichen Entwicklung Deutschlands im Reformationszeitalter, von Walter Friedensburg. (Historische Untersuchungen, herausgegeben von J. Jastrow, Heft V.) Berlin: Gaertner: 1887. 8vo, pp. xiv, 602. 15 marks. The present work throws much new and greatly needed light upon a very important epoch of the Reformation. The book is an excellent example of proverbial German industry. It rests upon a very extensive study of the original documents, and utilizes a mass of material which has hitherto been unnoticed. The first book (pp. 99-192) is devoted to a general view of the condition of the empire and the politics of the emperor during the period in which the Reichstag was held. The second book (pp. 193-490) treats the Reichstag itself in a most thorough manner. The appendix contains a brief description of the various archives consulted, and the full text of numerous documents referred to in the work itself. In connection with the above may be mentioned Briefwechsel Landgraf Philipp's des Grossmüthigen von Hessen mit Bucer, herausgegeben und erläutert von M. Leuz. 2 Thl. (Publicationen aus den königlichen preussischen Staatsarchiven, Bd. 28.) Leipzig: Hirzel: 1887. 8vo, pp. x, 506. 14 marks. This offers rich material for a study of Philip's character and of the Reformation in Hessen. Augustinische Studien, von Hermann Reuter. Gotha: Perthes: 1887. 8vo, pp. viii, 516. marks. Contains seven notable studies of "eines seiner Lieblingsschriftsteller," by the famous Göttingen church historian whom common consent names the greatest living authority upon the church of the Middle Ages. The first five studies have already appeared at various intervals during the past five years in the Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, and are reprinted with a few minor alterations and additions. They are: I. Die Lehre von der Kirche und die Motive des pelagianischen Streits; II. Zur Frage nach dem Verhältniss der Lehre von der Kirche zu der Lehre von der prädestinatianischen Gnade; III. Die Kirche das Reich Gottes; IV. Augustin und der katholische Orient; V. Der Episkopat und die Kirche. Der Episkopat und der römische Stuhl, Das Konzil und die Tradition. Die Infallibilität. last two studies appear for the first time: VI. Weltliches und geistliches Leben (Mönchthum). Weltliche und kirchliche (geistliche) Wissenschaft (Mystik); VII. Zur Würdigung der Stellung Augustins in der Geschichte der Kirche. The studies are very thorough, and the results reached are in many cases of such a nature as to modify quite materially many commonly accepted positions. Space forbids a discussion of any of the results. The author's method is broad and historical. He does not confine his attention to single and isolated passages, but treats Augustine's works as a whole. Kurzgefasster Kommentar zu den heiligen

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The

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Schriften Alten und Neuen Testamentes sowie zu den Apokryphen, herausgegeben von Strack und Zöckler. A. Altes Testament. Dritte Abtheilung: Die Bücher Samuelis und der Könige, ausgelegt von Dr. August Klostermann, ord. Prof. d. Theologie zu Kiel. I. Hälfte. Nördlingen: Beck: 1887. Lex-8vo, pp. xii, 304. 5 marks. The three earlier volumes of this important series which appeared last year were mentioned in the January number of the "Review." The present work differs from its predecessors in the fact that much greater attention is paid to questions of textual criticism, and as a consequence it is both more scientific and more extended (the books of Samuel alone occupy 261 pages). In regard to this, Professor Strack, in a prefatory note, says: Muss auch leider sonst dieses 'kurzgefasste' Kommentarwerk sich begnügen, in textkritischer Beziehung im wesentlichen die Resultate fremder und eigener Forschungen mitzutheilen, und darauf verzichten die ganze Einzelbegründung derselben in extenso vorzuführen, so waren wir es doch unsern Lesern, namentlich den zahlreichen Studierenden, schuldig, wenigstens an einem angeführten Beispiele zu zeigen, mit welchen Hilfsmitteln und in welcher Weise die Textkritik die ihr in Bezug auf das Alte Testament gestellten Aufgaben zu lösen sucht." He considers this fullness to be especially needed in the present volume on account of the unusual corruption of the text of Samuel and Kings. The series thus far has been warmly welcomed by conservative scholars, while the liberal school look upon it (to quote Harnack, Theol. Lit. Zeitung, 1886 No. 24, col. 554) as the production of that class of workers who "beruhigen das von ihnen erzogene Geschlecht von Pfarrern durch zahlreiche Neudrucke, Handbücher und Kompendien;" while Schürer, in his review of the volumes upon the Gospels and Acts, says: "Die Tradition ist der feste Boden auf dem man sich sicher fühlt. Für die auf diesem Boden stehende Schaar schreibt man in echt katholischer Weise Compendien und Handbücher " (ibid. No. 23). The present installment extends to 1 Kings vii. The second and smaller half is to appear within a few weeks. Paulus von Damascus bis zum Galaterbrief, von Gustav Volkmar, Prof. d. Theol. in Zürich. Zürich: Schröter und Meyer: 1887. 8vo, pp. 120. 1.20 mks. Contains three studies: I. Geschichte des Apostels Paulus und seiner Zeit von Damascus bis zum Galater Brief, in den Grundzügen nach ihm selbst und nach Lucas. Der einleitende und thetische Theil (pp. 1–21); II. Ein Gang durch die beiden Apostelgeschichten, im Bereich des Apostelstreits. Der analytische und ausführende Theil (pp. 22-79); III. Ein Gang durch den Galater Brief in seinen Rückblicken, und ihr Licht für das Geheimniss unserer Apostelgeschichte. Der exegetisch ergänzende Theil (pp. 80120). The first two studies appeared in the Theol. Ztschr. aus der Schweiz in 1884 and 1885. The last is printed here for the first time. The book represents essentially the old Tübingen standpoint, and defends many positions which are now almost universally abandoned by scholars. Aside from a few minor details the book contains little that is really new, though the old points are brought out with increased distinctness. Arthur C. McGiffert.

MARBURG, PRUSSIA.