brother Antimenidas was projected east, and entered the army of Nebuchadnezzar."

But it is in the sketch of Thukydides that Jevons's style touches its meridian :

"Thucydides disdains to strive after external balance and harmony by grouping his facts so as to reach the consummation of a culmination,'

Turning now from the style to the matter of the book, one can only wonder how any careful reviewer could give the work the praise which some very respectable English journals have bestowed on it. It begins, almost as a matter of course, with Homer; but in fulfillment of a purpose of the author to relegate to the Notes and Appendices all points involving Greek scholarship, his other purpose, to discuss the principles which determined the growth of Greek literature, receives either very indequate treatment or is largely lost on the general reader. The chapters on the Iliad and Odyssey contain little more than commonplace criticism; and much of this indulges in that special pleading with which the English school of Homeric students has made us so familiar. It need hardly be added, therefore, that Jevons finds a dramatic unity and finish in the composition of these poems fulfilling the severest requirements of art.

It is surprising that Jevons should make no reference to D. B. Monro's article on " Homer and the Early History of Greece," in the initial number of the new "English Historical Review," (Jan., 1886); which has done much to commend the growing belief in the European origin of the Homeric poems. This omission is the more noticeable from the amount of attention given to what Mahaffy aptly terms the wild skepticism of F. A. Paley. But Jevons's shortcomings appear nowhere more manifest than in the sketch of Thukydides. He says:

"The object of Thucydides was to give a strict and faithful account of facts. To the actual facts, then, he confines himself, without moralizing and without theorizing."

A few pages farther on, however, he says, "When he begins to philosophize, he begins to be difficult to understand." Thus he does philosophize, as well as narrate.

And likewise, when attempting to shield Thukydides from criticism. in the matter of style, Jevons says that he "had to create prose meaning, of course, Attic prose; but almost on the next page reminds his reader that "the three Greek historians belong to the best period of Greek literature." Indeed, Euripides had already shown with what elegance and precision the Attic dialect could be used in dramatic dialogue; and one cannot believe that it was not easily available for historic prose narrative. Moreover, Antiphon so successfully employed Attic prose in judicial oratory as to win from Thukydides, his contemporary, special commendation for the clearness of his style (cf. Jevons, p. 378).

It would be incorrect to infer from the foregoing comments that Jevons's book is worthless. Rather must one feel that it can hardly more than serve the purpose of "the Indian Civil Service or other advanced Examinations," for which it was mainly prepared; the requirements of which Jevons himself must be supposed to fully understand. As an outline of the expression of Greek life in literature it will not compare with Jebb's "Primer" of 150 pages. It ought not to be mentioned in comparison with Mahaffy's more elaborate work. Edward G. Coy.

GERMAN THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE.

Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, von Christian Fischhauser, Theol. Lehrer am Missionshaus in Basel. Basel: Detloff. 8vo, pp. xii, 688. 8.80 mks. A work written especially for the author's own use in the class-room. It endeavors to meet a want which, in the author's opinion, is satisfied by none of the numerous handbooks which we already possess. A comparison of it with its predecessors is not possible here; only its actual use as a text-book can fully exhibit its merits and defects, but it promises to fulfill its design capitally. Details are omitted, the chief points are brought out with clearness and with emphasis, and the arrangement admits of consecutive reading without discomfort, an arrangement, to be sure, which has both advantages and disadvantages. The author lays no claim to original study of the sources; he aims simply to present the results of others in a handy form. The division into periods is somewhat peculiar, and the centurial method is a little too prominent. Theologically, the author stands upon conservative ground, as may be seen from his chapter upon Christ and the apostolic age. Lehrbuch des Kirchenrechts, von Dr. Ad. Frantz, a. o. Prof. der Rechte an der Universität Marburg. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. 8vo, pp. xii, 322. 6 mks., geb. 7.20 mks. This work, which is not designed to supersede the larger works of Richter, Schulte, Friedberg, and others, fulfills admirably its design as a text-book. Although intended primarily for students of law, it forms just as excellent a handbook for students of theology, containing, as it does, a clear and concise sketch of the history of church organizations and government from the legal point of view, as well as a discussion of the existing constitution of the Catholic and Protestant Church. The discussion is based, of course, upon the church of Germany, and has little relevance to ecclesiastical conditions in other countries, but the historical part of the book is of universal value. Verfassungsgeschichte der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche in Russland, von Herrmann Dalton. Gotha: Perthes. 8vo, pp. xvi, 344. 6 mks. first extensive work upon this subject from the pen of one who has been pastor of the German Reformed church in St. Petersburg for thirty years will be welcomed as throwing light upon a very obscure but highly important subject. The work handles the history of the Lutheran Church in Russia from its beginning, in the middle of the sixteenth century, to the present time. Assyrisches Wörterbuch zur gesamten bisher veröffentlichten Keilschriftliteratur unter Berücksichtigung zahlreicher unveröf fentlichter Texte, von Prof. Dr. Friedrich Delitzsch (in ca. 10 Lieferungen). I. Lieferung. Leipzig: Hinrichs. 4to, pp. 168. Subscription 31.50 mks. The first installment of the long-expected Assyrian lexicon. It is published in large quarto form (autographic reproduction), and presents a sumptuous appearance. In the present installment are treated under 95 articles, 188 words, from to . The next two will likewise be devoted to the letter. The remaining installments are to appear at regular intervals, and the completed work will contain about 1,600 pages. The lexicon is intended to embrace the entire mass of published inscriptions, as well as a great number yet unpublished. The author's principle is to treat the Assyrian vocabulary chiefly by itself, without reference to the

The

other Semitic languages, and to introduce the latter for comparison only in particularly difficult cases. Wissenschaftlicher und praktischer Commentar über den ersten Petrus Brief, von Dr. Theol. Joh. Martin Usteri. Erster Theil: Die Auslegung. Zürich: Höhr. 8vo, pp. viii, 234. 5 mks. The present volume is exclusively exegetical, and the epistle is treated with great fullness and detail. The introductory questions, such as date, authorship, etc., are all left for the second volume, which is to appear in the fall. Space forbids our giving any examples of the author's exegesis, but, as we perhaps always look first, in a commentary upon I. Peter for the interpretation of iii. 18-19, it may simply be said that he finds taught in that passage a continuance of mercy after death for the unsaved. Das Johannesevangelium, untersucht und erklärt von Oscar Holtzmann. Darmstadt: Waitz. 8vo, pp. viii, 308. 9 mks. This interesting work consists of Untersuchungen (pp. 1-195) and Kommentar (196–306). Under the former head are discussed such introductory questions as the relation of the fourth Gospel to the synoptic gospels (very full and thorough), die Weltanschauung, Kompositionsweise, äussere Bezeugung, etc. The commentary proper is very brief, and only the most important subjects are touched upon, but these are treated with a clearness and condensation which display unusual ability and self-restraint. Such a brief outline is, of course, not designed to take the place of our Meyers and other great exegetical storehouses, but it has its peculiar advantages. The author is an advanced liberal, and holds many radical positions; for example, he undervalues the historical worth of the Gospel. It is needless to say that he denies its apostolic authorship; and it is not surprising to find him denying in toto the Ephesian activity of the apostle John, and substituting for him, in the tradition, the presbyter John, as the author of the Apocalypse, and as the teacher of Polycarp and of Pepias, although he has against him many of Germany's best critics. Commentar zur Genesis, von C. W. Gossrau. Halberstadt: Schimmelburg. 8vo, pp. 390. 7.50 mks. In connection with the preceding, it is interesting to turn to this book as a proof (whatever we are accustomed to think) that orthodoxy, as sound as ever existed, still flourishes in Germany. As far as the writer is able to judge, the author is the most orthodox commentator of the age; at least his book seems to be chiefly occupied in combating the heterodox opinions of others. Delitzsch is usually considered reasonably sound, but the poor man fares badly at the hands of his present critic. The tone of the book is decidedly pessimistic. After discussing, in his introduction, a number of Delitzsch's positions, he concludes with the ominous words: "So wird der ungläubigen Kritik Schritt für Schritt gewichen, langsam, aber gewichen, und also Gottes Wort preisgegeben." He makes short work with modern theories as to the composition of the Pentateuch, and states his own position in the following unequivocal words: "Die Genesis ist von Einem geschrieben mit festem Plane und deutlichem Zusammenhange; dieser Eine war Moses, der Führer der Kinder Israel aus Aegypten, ihr Gesetzgeber und der Mittler zwischen Gott und Israel. In dem Buche ist so wenig Irrthum als Betrug oder Fälschung der Wahrheit." Evolution seems to be his especial foe. "So bildet denn der Darwinismus in jeder Form den Gegensatz gegen die Bibel." He concludes that the creation took place in six days of the same length as our own; he finds the Trinity taught in i. 26, and insists that the flood must have covered the whole earth. He is a brave man who admits no compromises, and evi

dently feels himself commissioned to uphold the true faith against its numerous enemies. Der Ursprung und die Bedeutung des Apostolates in der christlichen Kirche der ersten zwei Jahrhunderte. Eine kritischhistorische Untersuchung auf Grund der Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der weiteren christlichen Literatur. Eine von der Haager Gesellschaft zur Vertheidigung der christlichen Religion gekrönte Preisschrift, von Wilhelm Senfert, Pfarrer in Wollbach (Baden). Leiden: Brill. 8vo, pp. viii, 162. 3 mks.-This interesting study should be welcomed as the most detailed and extensive treatment of this particular subject which has yet appeared. The author is, unfortunately, still under the influence of the Tübingen school, and his work suffers, in consequence. He can treat the non-Pauline books of the New Testament only as tendency writings, and the historical worth of his conclusions is thereby greatly lessened. The results which he reaches are decidedly radical: for example, Christ did not, during his life, appoint apostles. Our synoptic Gospels, as we have them, betray a Judaizing tendency in dating back into Christ's life a historical fact which took place some years after his death and resurrection. The apostolate, as an institution, owes its origin to a reaction against Paul's free proclamation of the Gospel, and belongs, therefore, to the time of the strife between Paul and the Judaizers. Paul, therefore, not merely by his personality, but also by his defense of his own apostleship, was the real founder of the dignity of the apostolate. Upon this point the author lays great weight; it is the kernel of his thesis. At the beginning of the fifties the list of the apostles was first revised, and its number reduced to twelve, in order to shut out Paul. Christ was indeed the founder of the apostolate, but not "in dem Sinne, als hätte er diese Institution des apostolischen und nachapost. Zeitalters selber zu seinen Lebzeiten als etwas neues ins Leben gerufen." From the Synoptists we can draw nothing reliable in regard to the origin of the apostolate, except that "Jesus für seine Jünger der Aussendende war, gerade so er selbst ein Apostel Gottes war." But space forbids the mention of further details; likewise any discussion of the author's positions, interesting as the subject is. We welcome the work as a conscientious, painstaking study of an important theme, and especially because, in awakening opposition, as it must from many quarters, it will be the beginning of a more careful study of the matter, which cannot but be productive of good results. Bibliotheca Theologica, herausgegeben von Gustav Ruprecht. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. Price yearly 2.50 mks.This Bibliotheca can hardly be classed with theological literature, as it is nothing more than a list of titles; but its usefulness warrants our bringing it particularly before the notice of American readers. It has been issued regularly for more than twenty years, but last year its province was extended to include foreign literature and periodical articles, and the value of the catalogue is thus greatly increased. It appears quarterly, and aims to contain the titles of all books and articles, upon any branch of theological science, which have appeared during the quarter, arranged topically, with an alphabetical index of authors added at the end of the year. The volumes of the same series - from 1863 to 1885 can be procured of the same publishers for ten marks, and Zuchold's catalogue, including the literature from 1830-1862 (two volumes), for eight marks. Arthur C. McGiffert.

MARBURG, PRUSSIA.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Ginn & Co., Boston. Outlines of Logic and of Encyclopædia of Philosophy: Dictated Portions of the Lectures of Hermann Lotze. Translated and Edited by George T. Ladd, Professor of Philosophy in Yale College. Pp. viii, 184. 1887. $1.00.

Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. The Poetic and Dramatic Works of Robert Browning. In six volumes. Crown octavo. Vol. III. The Ring and the Book. Pp. 477. 1887. $1.75; [Same.] Vol. IV. Christmas-Eve and Easter Day; Men and Women; In a Balcony; Dramatis Personæ ; Balaustion's Adventure; Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau ; Fifine at the Fair. Pp. 444. 1887. $1.75;

[Same.] Vol V. Red Cotton Night-Cap Country; Aristophanes' Apology; The Inn Album; Pacchiarotto and How He Worked in Distemper; and Other Poems. Pp. 394. 1887. $1.75; [Same.] Vol. VI. The Agamemnon of Eschylus; La Saisiaz; The Two Poets of Croisic; Dramatic Idyls; Jocoseria; Ferishtah's Fancies and Parleyings. With General Index of Titles. Pp. 395. 1887. $1.75; Colonial Ballads, Sonnets, and Other Verse. By Margaret J. Preston, author of "Silverwood," "Beechenbrook,' Old Song and New," etc. 16mo, pp. xii, 259. 1887. $1.25; American Commonwealths. Connecticut. A Study of a Commonwealth Democracy. By Alexander Johnston, Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Economy in Princeton College. 16mo, pp. xiv, 409. 1887. $1.25; The Appeal to Life. By Theodore T. Munger, author of "The Freedom of Faith." 16mo, pp. xiv, 339. 1887. $1.50;

99.66

A Treatise on the Law of Divorce, with the Causes for which Divorce will be granted in all the States and Territories; The Time of Residence required in each; and a Brief Digest of the Leading Decisions by the Appellate Courts: Containing also a Careful Compilation of the Latest Divorce Statistics. By A. Parlett Lloyd, of the Baltimore Bar. 8vo, pp. xxiv, 323. 1887. $2.00; American Statesmen. Life of Henry Clay. By Carl Schurz. In two vols. 16mo, vol. I., pp. 383; vol. II., pp. 424. 1887. $2.50; Phillips Exeter Lectures. Lectures delivered before the Students of Phillips Exeter Academy, 1885-1886. By Presidents McCosh, Walker, Bartlett, Robinson, Porter, and Carter, and Rev. Drs. Hale and Brooks. Pp. 208. 1887. $1.50.

The

T. Y. Crowell & Co., New York. Christ and Christianity. The Conquering Cross (The Church). By the Rev. H. R. Haweis, M. A., Incumbent of St. James's, Marylebone, author of "Music and Morals," "Thoughts for the Times," "Speech in Season," etc. Crown 8vo, pp. xx, 268. $1.25 ; Cuore an Italian Schoolboy's Journal. A Book for Boys. By Edmondo De Amicis. Translated from the 39th Italian edition, by Isabel F. Hapgood. Pp. 326. 1887. $1.25; - Sigrid, an Icelandic Love Story. By Jon Thordsson Thoroddsen. Translated from the Danish, by C. Chrest. Edited by Thomas Tapper, Jr. Pp. iv, 286. 1887. $1.25.

E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. Tolerance: Two Lectures addressed to the Students of Several of the Divinity Schools of the Protestant Episcopal Church. By Phillips Brooks, Rector of Trinity Church, Boston. 16mo, pp. 111. 1887. 75 cents.

Funk & Wagnalls, New York. Encyclopedia of Living Divines and Christian Workers of all Denominations in Europe and America; being a Supplement to Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Edited by Rev. Philip Schaff, D. D., LL. D., and Rev. Samuel Macauley Jackson, M. A. Pp. vi, 271. 1887. $3.00; Hints on Early Education and Nursery Discipline. 12mo, pp. 97. 1887. 60 cents; The Bible-Work: The Old Testament. Vol. I. Genesis chap i. to Exodus chap. xii. From the Creation to the Exodus. The Revised Text, arranged in sections; with comments selected from the choicest, most illuminating, and helpful thought of the Christian Centuries. Taken from four hundred scholarly writers. Prepared by J.