Sugar, Slavery, and Freedom in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico

abolition abolitionist activities African Afro-Puerto Rican AGPR agricultural American appears Arroyo authorities barrio capital Caribbean chapter Civil coast coastal colonial continued contracts Cuba cuerdas cultural Curet decades discussed district early economic efforts elites emancipation emerged especially estates example families fire forced former forms four free labor freedom governor Guayama Hacienda important included industry island issues José land late libertos living major masters mayor municipal municipio nineteenth century obtained officials owners peasants percent period pesos planters policies political Ponce population Press problems production Puerto Rico purchased question race racial Ramos Mattei region regulations relations remained represented result Rican Rico's rural San Juan Scarano slavery slaves social society sought Spain Spanish sugar plantations tion trade University Vázquez wages