of power, p. 605 sq.-The reverence for old age may cease when the grey-

head becomes an incumbrance to those around him, and imbecility may put

an end to the father's authority over his family, p. 606 sq.-Paternal, or

parental, authority and filial reverence at their height among peoples of

archaic culture, pp. 607-613.-Among these peoples we also meet with

reverence for the elder brother, for persons of a superior age generally, and

especially for the aged, p. 614 sq.--Decline of the paternal authority in Europe,

p. 615 sq.-Christianity not unfavourable to the emancipation of children,

though obedience to parents was enjoined as a Christian duty, p. 616 sq.-

The Roman notions of paternal rights and filial duties have to some extent

survived in Latin countries, p. 617 sq.-Sources of the parental authority,

p. 618 sq.-Among savages, in particular, filial regard is largely regard for one's

elders or the aged, p. 619.-Causes of the regard for old age, pp. 619–621.—

The chief cause of the connection between filial submissiveness and religious

beliefs the extreme importance attached to parental curses and blessings,

pp. 621-626.-Why the blessings and curses of parents are supposed to possess

an unusual power, p. 626 sq.-Explanation of the extraordinary development

of the paternal authority in the archaic State, p. 627 sq.-Causes of the

downfall of the paternal power, p. 628.

CHAPTER XXVI

THE SUBJECTION OF WIVES

Among the lower races the wife frequently said to be the property or slave of her

husband, p. 629 sq.-Yet even in such cases custom has not left her entirely

destitute of rights, p. 630 sq.-The so-called absolute authority of husbands

over their wives not to be taken too literally, p. 631 sq.-The bride-price

does not eo ipso confer on the husband absolute rights over her, p. 632 sq.-

The hardest drudgeries of life often said to be imposed on the women,

p. 633 sq.-In early society each sex has its own pursuits, p. 634.-The rules

according to which the various occupations of life are divided between the

sexes are on the whole in conformity with the indications given by nature,

p. 635 sq.-This division of labour emphasised by custom and superstition,

p. 636 sq.-It is apt to mislead the travelling stranger, p. 637.-It gives the

wife authority within the circle which is exclusively her own, ibid.-Rejection

of the broad statement that the lower races in general hold their women in a

state of almost complete subjection, pp. 638-646.-The opinion that a

people's civilisation may be measured by the position held by the women not

correct, at least so far as the earlier stages of culture are concerned, p. 646 sq.

--The position of woman among the peoples of archaic civilisation,

pp. 647-653.-Christianity tended to narrow the remarkable liberty granted to

married women under the Roman Empire, p. 653 sq.-Christian orthodoxy

opposed to the doctrine that marriage should be a contract on the footing of

perfect equality between husband and wife, p. 654 sq.-Criticism of the

hypothesis that the social status of women is connected with the system of

tracing descent, p. 655 sq.-The authority of a husband who lives with his

wife in the house or community of her father, p. 656 sq.—Wives' subjection

to their husbands in the first place due to the men's instinctive desire to exert

power, and to the natural inferiority of women in such qualities of body and

mind as are essential for personal independence, p. 657.-Elements in the

sexual impulse which lead to domination on the part of the

and to submission on the part of the woman, p. 657 sq.-But if the

man's domination is carried beyond the limits of female love, the woman

feels it as a burden, p. 658 sq.-In extreme cases of oppression, at any

rate, the community at large would sympathise with her, and the public

resentment against the oppressor would result in customs or laws limiting the

man

husband's rights, p. 659.-The offended woman may count upon the support

of her fellow-sisters, ibid.-The children's affection and regard for their

mother gives her power, ibid.-The influence which economic conditions

exercise on the position of woman, pp. 659-661.-The status of wives

connected with the ideas held about the female sex in general, p. 661.—

Woman regarded as intellectually and morally vastly inferior to man,

especially among nations more advanced in culture, pp. 661-663.-Progress

in çivilisation has exercised an unfavourable influence on the position of

woman by widening the gulf between the sexes, p. 663.-Religion has

contributed to her degradation by regarding her as unclean, p. 663 sq.-

Women excluded from religious worship and sacred functions, pp. 664–666.

-The notion that woman is unclean, however, gives her a secret power over
her husband, as women are supposed to be better versed in magic than men,
pp. 666-668.-The curses of women greatly feared, p. 668.-Woman as an
asylum, p. 668
sq.-In archaic civilisation the status of married women was
affected by the fact that the house-father was invested with some part of the
power which formerly belonged to the clan, p. 669.-Causes of the decrease
of the husband's authority over his wife in modern civilisation, ibid.

CHAPTER XXVII

SLAVERY

Definition of slavery, p. 670 sq.-The distribution of slavery and its causes among

savages, pp. 671-674.-The earliest source of slavery was probably war or

conquest, p. 674 sq.-Intra-tribal slavery among savages, p. 675 sq.-The

master's power over his slave among slave-holding savages, pp. 676-678.-

Among the lower races slaves are generally treated kindly, pp. 678-680.—

Intra-tribal slaves, especially such as are born in the house, generally treated

better than extra-tribal or purchased slaves, p. 680 sq.-Slavery among the

nations of archaic culture, pp. 681-693.-The attitude of Christianity

towards slavery, pp. 693-700.—The supposed causes of the extinction of

slavery in Europe, pp. 697-701.-The chief cause the transformation of

slavery into serfdom, p. 701.-Serfdom only a transitory condition leading up

to a state of entire liberty, pp. 701-703.-The attitude of the Church towards

serfdom, p. 703 sq.-The negro slavery in the colonies of European

countries and the Southern States of America, and the legislation relating to

it, pp. 704-711.-The support given to it by the clergy, pp. 711-713.-The

want of sympathy for, or positive antipathy to, the coloured race, p. 713 sq.

-The opinions regarding slavery and the condition of slaves influenced by

altruistic considerations, p. 714 sq.-The condition of slaves influenced by the

selfish considerations of their masters, p. 715 sq.

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT

OF THE MORAL IDEAS