stimulate and augment, the farmers of New York State may face the future with assured hope and confidence of successful results. What else do men need to achieve success but opportunity, personal energy, and knowledge which is power?

It will be seen, therefore, that for the successful adjustment of the agriculture of this State to new conditions, and for its prosperous development, the outstanding need at the present time is of greater knowledge and intelligence. The farmers must have their ways illuminated by the torch of Science. Farming was an easy, rule of thumb business in former times. But with all the world in competition, and with the multifarious demands of modern civilization, farming is a more complex and difficult job and calls for greater ability and higher intelligence. Modern universities, accordingly, give agriculture a place side by side with the learned and technical professions and vocations. And why not? In what calling can science make a man's work more fruitful? And are any other objects more worthy of study than those with which the farmer deals? If it is worth while analyzing gases, it is surely worth while analyzing soils; if men study bacteria and insects and flowers, why should they not give equal attention to horses and cows and fruit and grains?

The importance of superior education and scientific method for farmers is now generally recognized throughout the United States and even in an old, conservative country like England. The London Times concludes its editorial in its issue of September 10th with the following paragraph :

"To one very important condition of success both advocates and opponents of la petite culture in England pay, we suspect, too little regard-namely, the improvement of agricultural education, for the heads as well as for the rank and file of the industry. In too many

of our country districts it is hardly yet realized that education is necessary at all. It is not undue treatment in freight charges,

or unpatriotic preference for foreign goods, that enables the small Danish butter-farmer, for instance, to undersell the Englishman on his own markets, but superior education and scientific method applied to the organization of his industry; and we may be sure of this, that it will be useless to keep a man on the land, or to bring him back to it, by the inducement of ownership or any other attraction, unless we can educate him to do the best for himself and for the land, in an age which calls for cultivated intelligence and scientific method. "

This has always been the position of Cornell University. And the State has happily adopted the policy of co-operation with the University which the President outlined in his inaugural address. By virtue of that policy the University now has State Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine which are domiciled in buildings erected by the State at a cost of over $400,000, and which the State supports with regular annual appropriations now aggregating $180,000, besides additional grants this year of $75,000 for special objects. The administration of these State Colleges is a great responsibility for the University; and Trustees and Faculty are striving to execute the trust not only faithfully, but with the utmost wisdom, devotion, and enthusiasm. That they enjoy the confidence of the highest authorities of the State is happily evidenced by the language with which Governor Hughes closed his notable and appreciative address at the dedication of the new buildings for the College of Agriculture :

"On behalf of the State of New York, it is now my privilege and my agreeable duty to commit through you [President Schurman] to Cornell University the custody and control of these buildings and property, constructed and set apart by the State for the New York State College of Agriculture, and through you to commit to Cornell University the administration of this college for the benefit of the people of the State. And in doing this I take pleasure in expressing my confidence in the administration of this trust by Cornell University and my expectation that through this foundation the agricultural interests of the State will be notably advanced. "

The service which Cornell University through these State Colleges renders to the farmers of the State is of a

threefold character. First it gives instruction in scientific agriculture and veterinary medicine to the students who come to the University to pursue those studies. Of these there were in 1906-1907, 86 in veterinary medicine, in agriculture 515 (of whom 244 were students in the Winter School). Secondly, it conducts investigations and experiments in the production of crops of all kinds, in the rearing and breeding of live-stock, in the manufacture of dairy and other products, and in the diseases of farm plants and animals with a view to discovering the most efficacious remedies and preventions. The chief investigations conducted during the year 1906-1907 by the Veterinary College were as follows:

In bacteriology and pathology important investigations on the agglutination method of diagosing glanders, experiments to ascertain the best disposition of occult glanders, experiments on the Bang method of replacing tuberculous herds of cattle by sound ones raised from their own calves, investigations into the condition of the blood of animals suffering from particular diseases, investigations into the nature of a series of epizootics of anthrax, investigations on the treatment of glanders with opsonins, and investigations into the causes and prevention of distemper in dogs: in materia medica investigations into the physiologic action of drugs upon the circulation of the horse and of the effect of specific drugs on the metabolism of the body, investigations of antidotes to certain poisons and research into the therapeutic action of drugs: in surgery the improvement and attesting of an operation for roaring in horses, and investigations in chloroform anaesthesia of the horse: in sanitary science experiments in the treatment of chronic glanders by means of the serum of a cow.

The main investigations conducted during the year 1906-1907 in the College of Agriculture were as follows:

In entomology the study of the joint worm of timothy grass, of the insect pests of rhododendrons, of the minor pests of ornamental shrubs, of the oyster-shell bark scale, of the life-history of the violet gall-fly in greenhouses, and its methods of treatment: in plant-breeding the breeding of various strains of timothy, brome grass selection, the development of different strains of mangels and rutabagas, the substitution of root crops for silage, root-crop production experiments, studies of vetch, clover, and alfalfa: in animal husbandry beef production in New York State and the use of skimmed milk for the production of pork: in agronomy factors that in

fluence the growth of clover, alfalfa and peas, an alfalfa survey to determine where alfalfa will grow and how best to grow it, investigations of the hairy vetch to determine what place this plant will occupy in New York agriculture, and the influence of fertilizers on the yield and quality of timothy hay in horticulture investigations of the little peach disease, black rot of grapes and diseases of beans, and an orchard survey of Niagara County: in poultry husbandry experiments on the fertility of eggs and fowls and the feeding and breeding of poultry: in plant pathology various investigations into the diseases of plants, especially of grapes: in dairying experiments on the manufacture of milk products, the making of sanitary milk and questions involved in the handling of market milk in soil investigations research into fundamental questions in regard to soil fertility, the adaptation of crops to particular soils, special methods of soil treatment, and a soil survey of Niagara County.

Thirdly, by means of lectures, correspondence, and printed lessons and bulletins, it diffuses agricultural knowledge among the farmers of the State and their families and teachers in the schools. This extension work aims to help the farmers of the State to help themselves without ever leaving their farms.

The following figures show the extension work of the College of Agriculture during the year 1906-1907: number of readers in the farmers' reading course, 2,855; number of readers in the farmers' wives' reading course, 21,867 ; number of children in the junior naturalist clubs, 18,966; number of teachers in correspondence, 2,655; number of cooperative experiments, 517; number of experimenters, 300; number of experimental plats, 2,000; number of counties in which the experiments were carried on, 55; number of bulletins issued, 14.

The most memorable event of the year was the formal dedication of the new buildings for the State College of Agriculture, which was honored by the presence and inspired by the address of Governor Hughes. Impressive addresses were also made by ex-Governor Bachelder, Master of the National Grange, General Woodford, who represented the State at the opening of the University in 1868, and Profes

sor L. H. Bailey, the Director of the College. Another very significant event was the unsolicited and unexpected donation to the University of $30,000 for the foundation of five scholarships in agriculture by Dr. Charles H. Roberts, of Oakes, Ulster County, New York, who by the aid of scholarships was in his youth enabled to pursue the study of medicine. These scholarships have been designated by the Trustees "The Charles H. Roberts Scholarships.

For fuller details regarding the Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine reference is made to the reports of Director Bailey and Director Law, which are published herewith as Appendix VIII and Appendix VII.

GRADUATE WORK

The graduate work of the University was performed during the year in a very satisfactory manner. Excluding graduates enrolled in the undergraduate and professional courses, there were registered in the Graduate Department 228 graduates who devoted themselves to advanced study and research. Of these 223 were candidates for advanced degrees, and at Commencement ten received the A. M. and nineteen the Ph. D. degree. With reference to subjects elected by graduates for their major, the distribution corresponds closely to that of last year. But there is a noticeable gain in the enrollment in philosophy, which 16 candidates selected as their major against 13 last year; in physics, which 24 selected as their major against 18 last year; and in entomology and invertebrate zoology, which 14 selected as their major against 10 last year.

There is no separately organized graduate school at Cornell, supervision of graduate work being one of the many functions of the University Faculty. Dean Crane suggests in his report that the time has arrived for a new, separate, and compact organization, which he believes will