required for the degree would be exactly the same as in the four year course, the additional time being devoted to work in arts and sciences either prescribed or elective.

Inasmuch as the majority of students electing technical courses are over-anxious to begin the work of their choice and are exceedingly impatient of anything that seems extraneous, and as there are always a few who elect a course without any special fitness for the work, it has seemed best to those formulating the five year course in Architecture to introduce enough technical work at the beginning to satisfy the enthusiast and to "try out" the uncertain element, so that mistakes may be rectified as early as possible. As a part of the same idea it has been deemed best to reserve time for electives in the later years of the course when the student has become in a measure sated with his technical studies and has reached a stage in his development that will enable him to take a keener and more intelligent interest in studies of a more purely cultural nature.

The increased attendance is very gratifying in many ways, though not without a troublesome aspect. It not only threatens to render our new quarters in White and Franklin Halls inadequate at an early date, but for the first time we are brought face to face with the necessity of dividing our classes into sections, a situation which must inevitably call for an increase of the teaching staff. During the past year we have had as many as 40 students in a single section in drawing with one instructor, a condition that even with the hardest work on the part of the instructor must allow from 10 to 15 students to go without a criticism at each session of the class. While there are times when this is no serious disadvantage, especially with advanced students, there are other times when it works as a very serious disadvantage to the less resourceful students in the more elementary classes, and these are just the classes that are likely to be largest.

For the past two years the drawing in connection with the courses in landscape design in the department of rural art in the College of Agriculture has been done in the large drafting room in White Hall under the direction of Assistant Professor Fleming and Mr. Taylor, both of the College of Agriculture. This was a temporary arrangement before the new buildings of the College of Agriculture were opened for occupancy, but it proved so advantageous on account of the very close relationship between landscape design and architecture that it was continued through the year just closing. However, with 100 students in Architecture and about a dozen in landscape

design the drafting rooms were completely filled, so that any further increase in the number of Architectural students must inevitably crowd out the landscape students. I bring this matter up here because I am much interested in these courses and because I believe that they can be carried on much more successfully under the present arrangement than if the landscape students were removed from their close relationship with the drafting rooms and library of the College of Architecture. The work occupies a unique position between Agriculture and Architecture, belonging partly to both, yet in reality to neither; but it is a course that should by all means be fostered and encouraged by the University and I see no better plan for the present than that of keeping it in the College of Agriculture where the major part of the work is given, but it seems to me that the present close relationship with the work in Architecture should be continued if possible.

In accordance with the established policy of the University, the College of Architecture has been teaching freehand drawing to certain students in Arts and Sciences and in Agriculture. At first such students were admitted to the regular classes, but it was soon found that the standard required for the Architectural students (because of other parallel courses in drawing and design), was so much higher than could be attained by the general student that separate classes with a different standard were necessary. Then, too, the theory which I have held that all freehand drawing in the University should be taught by the College of Architecture, because for the purposes of Architecture drawing is taught in the broadest possible way, seems hardly tenable on closer contact with the work and the needs of the students. I am now convinced that for the majority of students in those courses where drawing is studied as a means to an end in scientific work, rather than as a medium for artistic expression, much better results can be attained if the end in view is considered from the beginning. The College of Architecture has no theories as to what it should or should not do as a matter of right or privilege in its relation to other Colleges in the University, other than that all should work together for the good of the students who come to Cornell for instruction. With this and only this in view, I would advise that as soon as feasible, proper provision be made for teaching drawing in the other Colleges where drawing is required, believing that much better work can be done for science students by competent teachers working directly with the scientific department in which the drawing is desired. For those students desiring drawing

as a purely cultural accomplishment, I still believe that the courses in drawing offered by the College of Architecture are best.

Respectfully submitted,

CLARENCE A. MARTIN,

Director of the College of Architecture.

APPENDIX X

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE COLLEGE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

To the President of the University:

Sir:-I have the honor to submit the following report for the College of Civil Engineering for the year 1907-1908.

The registration for the year, as shown by the class roll calls, has been as follows, classifying according to subjects taken rather than by official standing as in the register:

This list includes 45 graduates in the undergraduate courses. Of the new students, eight entered the sophomore, 11 the junior and three the senior class.

This shows a healthy growth from last year, the registration then being 469 for the first and 449 for the second term, or an increase of 37 and 48, respectively.

Instruction has also been given to students from other Colleges as follows:

The College has had during the year all of Lincoln Hall at its disposal. In addition it required room in other buildings for 14 classes the first term, and for nine classes the second term. Some difficulty was experienced in securing these rooms which emphasizes the importance of providing for further growth at an early date. In my report a year ago, I called attention to the importance of having a larger students' reading room, more space for experimental work in concrete and reinforced concrete, and a lecture room that would seat all of the members of one class or about 150 students. The College has also reached a point where it should have very much more space for its testing laboratory.

The fact that the number of students in attendance in the College has doubled in five years explains the situation. It is indeed gratifying to see such a growth and it speaks well for the instruction given. It does, however, tax resources to the limit, for with this growth more instruments, more apparatus, more space and a larger instructing staff are required. If Lincoln Hall could be enlarged by the extension of one of the wings eastward, to the east line of Goldwin Smith Hall, at an early date, the additional room that it would afford could be used to excellent advantage.

A year ago some few changes were made in the courses of instruction. Descriptive geometry was moved from the sophomore into the freshman year, made a recitation course, and combined with first year drawing. The results so far indicate that the change was a good one.

A new course in reinforced concrete construction was established. The subject is an important one, as is attested by the fact that 65 students took the course.

A new course in steel building construction was established, which is considered an important one, and 26 students took this

course.

The work of the College in sanitary engineering was strengthened by adding more chemistry to the course. A course in purification and control of water supplies was also added.

It is my opinion that the subject of sanitary engineering should receive very careful consideration. It is one of vast moment to the people of the State and of the United States, and it will of necessity become of more and more importance as the population of the country becomes more dense.

There was added to the work of the College, in railroad engineering, a course in railroad operation and management, and one in

railroad construction and maintenance. The latter is a course given especially for students in Sibley College, and 42 of them were registered in it during the year. The former is for students in Civil Engineering and 14 were registered in it during the year.

I feel it my duty to emphasize the importance of the work of the College in hydraulics. While our present teaching in this line is excellent, we will of necessity have to extend our work for the reason that there is bound to be a tremendous development along new lines in this subject. The last century was called the "age of steam." The present one will as appropriately be called the “age of water." Aside from the uses of water for domestic and sanitary purposes, there are three other fields in which it will play an important part in the economic development of this country. These are navigation, irrigation and power. In many instances there will be combinations of these and while we may not expect much from the use of a given supply for both navigation and irrigation, we may expect a great deal from the combinations of navigation and power, and irrigation and power. It is practically certain that the future improvement of our great river systems of the eastern half of the United States, will be along the line of getting the maximum benefit out of the first combination, or navigation and power. So the water resources of the western half of the United States will be developed with a view to getting the maximum benefit out of the second combination, or irrigation and power. The magnitude of these fields can hardly be realized, and to cope with them it is practically certain that a type of the civil engineer highly specialized in hydraulics, will be required. Cornell must not be found wanting in producing this type of man.

The "Honor System" which was adopted by the students in Civil Engineering in the fall of 1906, has been reasonably successful. It is hoped that it will ultimately reach a point where it will be a “law of the College" which every student who enters will feel bound to respect.

Respectfully submitted,

E. E. HASKEll,

Director of the College of Civil Engineering.