like; löwenhaft, lion-like; taubenhaft, dove-like, &c. (6.) voll, which corresponds with the English ful, denotes the presence of the object mentioned by the substantive, as, wundervoll, wonderful; geistvoll, spirited; chrenvoll, honourable; sorgenvoll, sorrowful; schmerzvoll, painful. (7.) reich, as it were rich in, which denotes an ample provision of what the substantive imports, as menschenreich, populous; tugendreich, very virtuous; geistreich, witty, &c. (8.) sam, sec. 477. (9.) icht, which points at a similarity or conformity, as holzicht, woody; öhlicht, oily; salzicht, saltish; erdicht, earthy-here the first syllable erd must be pronounced very long, to distinguish the word from erdicht, (pron. the first syllable very short,) invented, imagined, fictitious; to express this conformity with the subst. we also use, (10.) artig, and we say, holzartig, öhlartig, salzartig, erdartig. (11.) en and ern, which points out the materials or stuff of which a thing is made, as ehern, sec. 725; hölzern, made of wood; elfenbeinern, made of ivory; wollen, made of wool or worsted; seiden, made of silk; ledern, made of leather; leinen, made of linen, &c. (12.) los, sec. 907. (13.) leer, which denotes that the object mentioned by the noun substantive is wanting; wonneleer, cheerless; freudenleer, joyless; menschenleer, unpeopled; gedankenleer, jejune, wanting thought, &c. (14.) arm, which also denotes deficiency; baumarm, deficient in trees; wortarm, deficient in words; fiscaarm, deficient in fish; menschenarm, deficient in population, &c. (15.) frei, which denotes freedom or exemption from the thing denoted by the substantive, as fehlerfrei, faultless; sündenfrei, free from sin; lasterfrei, free from vice; zollfrei, toll-free, exempt from paying the toll; schuldenfrei, without debts; schuldfrei, guiltless, &c. 943.-7. The German adjectives may be converted into substantives, denoting individuals, sec. 139; or a species, sec. 393; or the abstract quality of the adj. sec. 583 and 757. 944.-8. Adjectives, which in general are identical with adverbs, may be used adverbially even when epithets, sec. 813; and they must be placed at a distance from the noun substantive, though epithets, sec. 827. 945.-9. The Participle Active in German may be used as an adj. and is subject to the same rules; ein liebender man. Vater, eine liebende Mutter, ein liebendes Kind; der liebende Vater; die liebende Mutter, das liebende Kind; only they cannot be predicates or attributes. We cannot say der Vater ist liebend, &c. But the participle active may be converted into a substantive, der sterbende, the dying The participle passive follows the same rules, ein geliebter Vater, eine geliebte Mutter, ein geliebtes Kind; der geliebte Vater, die geliebte Mutter, das geliebte Kind; and it may be converted into a substantive, der gekränkte, the distressed man. It may also form a predicate with the verb to be der Vater ist geliebt, the father is beloved; which differs from the passive der Vater wird geliebt, the father is loved, in which case there is always an agent understood; whilst ist geliebt expresses in general the state in which the father actually is, that of being beloved. The participle passive is used instead of the imperative, sec. 567. We say zugeritten! ride on! aufgethan! open! Wohl aufgemerkt! pay attention! by, Voss translates Horace's Carm. Lib. II. Od. 9: "Lieber getönt mit uns Die neuen Siegestrofän Augustus Cæsars! getönt, wie erstart Nifates Und Mederströmung dienstbarem Völkerschwarm - 946.-10. With regard to the Pronouns Personal, the difficulty of their agreement with the noun to which they refer is increased by the addition of the neuter gender. Thus, in speaking of a hat, der Hut, masc.; of a cap, die Haube, fem.; and of a gown, das Kleid, neut. you say indifferently in English, "I bought it to day ;" whilst this it is expressed in German by ihn, sie, and es, because the three words, hat, cap, and gown, happen to be each of a different gender. Ich habe ihn heute gekauft, I bought him, viz. the hat, masc.; ich habe sie heute gekauft, I bought her, viz. the cap, fem.; ich habe es heute gekauft, I bought it, viz. the gown, neut. Here again it is of the utmost importance to be well acquainted with the genders of German nouns. The neuter es is frequently a mere expletive pronoun, sections 104, 164, 450, and 541. The second difficulty for the English student in the use of the German personal pronouns, arises from the circumstance that we speak in polite conversation in the third, and not in the second person plural. We say, wie befinden sie sich? how find they themselves? instead of, how do you find yourself? how do you do? I give you this book, is, in German, I give them this book: Ich gebe Ihnen dieses Buch. To speak in the third person singular or second person, in German, is extremely offensive, though we must use the latter when addressing a multitude, a congregation. The second person singular is a mark of intimacy and affection, and is used only between parents and children, brothers and sisters, and very intimate friends who have agreed to thou each other. The German du is extremely cordial and affectionate, but it is never employed towards a stranger, as it denotes strict intimacy. We say of two intimate friends, sie sind du und du mit einander. The witch in Goethe's Faustus brings to Faustus a magic draught, intended to renovate him, to recal his youth; this draught, however, is no sooner placed to his lips than it turns to fire, on which occasion Mephistophiles (the evil genius) says: Nur frisch hinunter! immer zu! Es wird dir gleich das Herz erfreuen. Und willst dich vor der Flamme scheuen? which Mr. George Soane translates : Down with it, Down with it quickly; quaff, friend, quaff; Art thou the Devil's friend, yet fear 947. The Spanish prince, Don Carlos, in Schiller's tragedy of that name, says to his friend : Und jetzt noch eine Bitte nenne mich du. Y 948.-11. The German possessive pronouns of the third person agree exactly with the English, by having always a reference to the possessor, and differing in gender according to the gender of the possessor. In speaking of a man, of a woman, and of a child, and stating that we have seen their brother, we say, in the first case, ich habe seinen Bruder gesehn, I saw his brother; in the second, ich habe ihren Bruder gesehn, I saw her brother; in the third, " he saw his child," would be, er sah sein Kind, because the child is neuter, and the accusative sein, neut. is the same with the nominative. If you speak of a woman, you say, sie hat ihren Bruder gesehn; sie hat ihre Schwester gesehn; sie hat ihr Kind gesehn; she saw her brother, &c.; only that in German you must attend to the proper inflexion of the pronoun possessive to make it agree with the gender of the noun that denotes the object possessed. Where have you his hat? wo haben sie seinen Huth? masc. Where have you his pen? wo haben sie seine Feder? fem. Where have you his horse? wo haben sie sein Pferd? neuter. 949.-12. The articles der, die, das, are used as pronouns demonstrative, on changing the genitive des into dessen, der into derer and deren, and the dative plural den into denen; they are likewise employed as pronouns relative; the English "whose" is either dessen or deren, and has the following noun close to it, as in English, without any article, sec. 937. 950.-13. The pronouns relative throw the verb to the end of the sentence, sec. 794. 951.-14. The pronouns inter. are wer, sec. 44, was, sec. 5, and was für ein, sec. 577. 952.-15. The indeterminate pronoun, man, is exactly the French on, sec. 5. 953.-16. Of the miscellaneous pronouns, we have noticed einer, sec. 433, mancher, sec. 634, viel, sec. 58, wenig, andere, jeder, sec. 223, 195, 190, jeglicher, sec. 452, &c. 954.-17. With regard to Verbs, the affinity between the English and German languages is striking. The Germans have but one conjugation, and two simple tenses, so that the language is uncommonly easy to the English student in this respect. 955.-18. The auxiliary verbs, properly so called, are three: Haben, to have; Seyn, to be; and Werden, to become. The first offers no difficulty; the second forms its compound tenses with itself: we I am Ich bin say, gewesen, been; like the Italian, sono stato, instead of I have been. The third before an infinitive is the mark of the future, and before a participle past the mark of the passive voice. They all three require to be carefully learnt by heart and steadily remembered. But besides these three strictly auxiliary verbs, as main ingredients of our conjugation, we have all those verbs which are also considered as auxiliary in English, viz. mögen, sec. 158, 870. Können, sec. 53. Wollen, to be willing. Müssen, sec. 19. Sollen, sec. 53, 86. Dürfen, to dare; to be permitted. Lassen, sec. 186. All these verbs must be correctly remembered; and the more advanced scholar will find highly interesting remarks concerning their use in the Nature and Genius of the German Language, chap. x. p. 127-157. 956.-19. Neuter verbs are frequently converted into active ones by a change of the radical vowel into a different vowel or into a diphthong: as sinken, senken, sec. 42; liegen, legen, sec. 42; trinken, tränken, sec. 243. But there are several verbs which are both active and neuter, according to circumstances, without any change. The German language shares this imperfection with the French and English. It also has many neuter verbs that are conjugated with seyn, to be. We have generally pointed out whether a neut. verb takes haben or seyn: but whenever any of these verbs are employed actively, they are conjugated with haben. Er ist mir auf der Strasse begegnet, he has met me in the street. Er hat mich sehr höflisch begegnet, he has treated me with great politeness. See begegnen, sec. 754. 957.-20. The German passive, formed with werden, and not with seyn, requires, on that account, to be particularly remembered, sec. 277. 958.-21. The reflected verbs in German are conjugated, like the English, with haben, to have. Er irret sich; sie hat sich geirret; sie hahen sich gerriet. The reciprocal verbs follow the same rule: Sie schlagen sich alle Tage; sie haben sich diesen Morgen geschlagen. The reciprocal and reflected verbs are perfectly alike in their form |