Religion and Morality: Their Nature and Mutual Relations, Historically and Doctrinally ConsideredW.H. Young, 1899 - 322 หน้า |
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action Agnosticism Ahura Mazda atheism attainment authority belief Brahmanism Buddhism Catholic Celts Chap character Christian civilization conception conclusion conscience consciousness Creator deity dependence derived determine divine doctrine Döllinger duty elements end of conduct eternal Ethics evil existence expressed fact faculty feelings future retribution gods happiness heaven Herbert Spencer human mind human nature idea immoral Immortale Dei individual influence intelligence Kant ligion mankind Max Müller means ment monotheism moral code moral judgment moral law moral obligation motive necessity Nirvana notion object origin perfection person philosophy pleasure polytheism practical principle punishment race rational nature reach reason recognize relations religion religion and morality religious sanction reward Rig Veda right and wrong righteousness savage says sense sentiment social society soul Spencer supreme T. W. Rhys Davids Taoism teaching tendency theory things thou tion tribes truth universal order utilitarian Varuna virtue whilst worship
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หน้า 121 - ... nee erit alia lex Romae, alia Athenis, alia nunc, alia posthac, sed et omnes gentes et omni tempore una lex et sempiterna et immutabilis continebit, unusque erit communis quasi magister et imperator omnium deus, ille legis huius inventor, disceptator, lator; cui qui non parebit, ipse se fugiet ac naturam hominis aspernatus hoc ipso luet maximas poenas, etiamsi cetera supplicia, quae putantur, effugerit" (Cicero, De re publica, III.xxii.33).
หน้า 293 - has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other...
หน้า 258 - As between his own happiness and that of others, utilitarianism requires him to be as strictly impartial as a disinterested and benevolent spectator. In the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth, we read the complete spirit of the ethics of utility. To do as you would be done by and to love your neighbor as yourself constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality.
หน้า 263 - Those only are happy (I thought) who have their minds fixed on some object other than their own happiness ; on the happiness of others, on the improvement of mankind, even on some art or pursuit, followed not as a means, but as itself an ideal end.
หน้า 265 - Few human creatures would consent to be changed into any of the lower animals, for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast's pleasures ; no intelligent human being would consent to be a fool, no instructed person would be an ignoramus, no person of feeling and conscience would be selfish and base, even though they should be persuaded that the fool, the dunce, or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot than they are with theirs.
หน้า 256 - ... pleasure and freedom from pain are the only things desirable as ends; and that all desirable things (which are as numerous in the utilitarian as in any other scheme) are desirable either for the pleasure inherent in themselves, or as means to the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of pain.
หน้า 256 - If I am asked what I mean by difference of quality in pleasures, or what makes one pleasure more valuable than another, merely as a pleasure, except its being greater in amount, there is but one possible answer. Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure.
หน้า 256 - It is quite compatible with the principle of utility to recognize the fact that some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others. It would be absurd that, while, in estimating all other things, quality is considered as well as quantity, the estimation of pleasures should be supposed to depend on quantity alone.
หน้า 256 - But these supplementary explanations do not affect the theory of life on which this theory of morality is grounded — namely, that pleasure and freedom from pain are the only things desirable as ends...
หน้า 269 - To have a right, then, is, I conceive, to have something which society ought to defend me in the possession of. If the objector goes on to ask why it ought, I can give him no other reason than general utility.