jeder, every; aller-e-es, all the (the whole); sämtliche, all the (collectively); kein, none; gewiszer, certain. They are declined like the article; see Rule 5. Decline all the indefinite adjectives, and in both. numbers; if you cannot do it, state why. Remark 44.)

(See

CHAPTER VII.

OF PRONOUNS.

RULE 45.-There are six kinds of pronouns in

REMARK 44.-(a) When Aller-e-es is used before a demonstrative pronoun it generally drops the er, e, or es; as—All dies Geschrei, all this noise; all dies Geld, all this money.

(b) Alles, used in the neuter, means everybody or everything; alles haszt ihn, everybody hates him; alles ist verloren, all is lost.

(c) ALL THE, in the sense of THE WHOLE OF, is also rendered by ganz; as-die ganze Familie, the whole family; das ganze Dorf, the whole village. Ganz, the whole, and also halb, half, before towns and countries, do not change; as—ganz Bury, halb Manchester.

REMARK 45.-(a) Selbst or selber (self) is often added to personal pronouns to express myself, thyself, &c., &c., as-ich selbst, du selber, er selbst, &c., &c.

RULE 47. The interrogative pronouns are :

(A) Welcher, welche, welches declined like the definite article.

which or what,

(See Rule 4.)

(b) Du (thou) and ihr (you) are only used in addressing Supreme Beings, beloved objects, and in poetry; du used to be addressed to people of inferior rank, or in contempt, but now-a-days we seldom use it, unless we wish to express particularly our attachment or respect, our hatred or enmity, and generally our disposition towards our fellows. The simple pronoun du can express an infinity of feeling and sentiment.

(c) Sie, with a capital S, is used for addressing anyone, and then the verb is put into the third person plural. But observe that ihr must be used to express plurality.

REMARK 46.—(a) Instead of meiner, deiner, seiner, familiar conversation will admit of mein, dein, sein; as-Vergiesz mein nicht, forget me not; gedenke mein, think of me.

(b) The genitives meiner, deiner, seiner, are often contracted with the preposition willen (for the sake of); halben or wegen (on account of); and then they change the final r into t; as-meinetwillen, for my sake; deinethalben, on thy account; seinetwegen, on his account.

REMARK 47.- Sich is the reflective form of the personal pronoun used for the conjugation of reflective verbs, as—er liebt sich.

REMARK 48.-If two pronouns-such as ich and du, ich and er, du and er—are used, they must be followed by the copulative wir or ihr, and have the verb in the plural; as-ich und du, wir haben gute Ältern; du und er, ihr seid die Unglücklichsten.

(B) Wer? who? G. wessen? whose? D. wem ? to whom? A. wen? whom?

(c) Was? what? G. wessen? of what or whose ? No Dative. A. was? what?

They are all used to ask questions-wer for persons, was for things, and welcher-e-es for both persons and things. The latter is also frequently used with a noun, and then it agrees with it in number, gender, and case.

Who has been here?
What have you done?

Which book?

EXAMPLES.

Wer ist hier gewesen?
Was haben Sie gemacht?
Welches Buch?

Which boys?

Welche Knaben?

I have seen one of these ladies. Ich habe eine von diesen Damen Which?

gesehen. Welche ?

I have bought one of these Ich habe eins von diesen Büchern books. Which?

gekauft. Welches?

REMARK 49.--Instead of welcher-e-es we often use was für ein in the singular, and was für in the plural, and then it answers to the English WHAT A, or WHAT SORT or KIND OF; as

What sort of man is your brother? Was für ein Mann ist Ihr Bruder?
What sort of apples?
Was für Äpfel?

But if was für ein be used without a noun the ein changes into

What sort of a one? (neuter, for Was für eins?

things only.)

In exclamation the WHAT A is translated by welch ein, eine, ein, for

the singular and welch for the plural.

What a boy!

What a woman!

What nonsense!

What bad apples!

Welch ein Knabe!

Welch ein Weib!

Welch eine Dummheit!

Welch schlechte Äpfel !

RULE 48.-Possessive pronouns are either conjunc

tive or disjunctive.50 Conjunctive; as

They precede the noun, agree with it in number, gen

der, and case, and are declined like the indefinite article. (See Rule 6.)

They always stand instead of nouns, agree with them in number and gender, and are declined as adjectives preceded by the definite article. (See Rule 31.) They are often used as actual nouns, and then they are written with a Capital letter.

REMARK 50.-(a) Observe that der, die, das meine, deine, seine; &c., &c., are only an abbreviation of der, die, das meinige; &c., &c. But instead of der, die, das meinige; &c., &c., we may use meiner, deiner, seiner; &c., &c., and decline them like the definite article. (See Rule 4.)

(b) Meiner, deiner, and seiner are often contracted with the preposition wegen (on account of), and in that case the final r is changed into t; as-meinetwegen, on my account; deinetwegen, on thy account; seinetwegen, on his account.

RULE 49.-A demonstrative pronoun either precedes a noun and becomes a mere adjective,—as dieser Herr, dieses Buch, jene Frau-or it represents the noun and points it out, dieser ist reich, jener ist arm.

RULE 50.-Demonstrative pronouns joined to a noun always precede it, agree with it in number and gender, and are repeated before each noun. They are all declined like the definite article; and they

(the same)

der nämliche die nämliche das nämliche die nämlichen S derjenige diejenige dasjenige diejenigen (he, she, that) They are declined like the adjective preceded by the definite article; the article following its own declension, and jenige, nämliche, selbe, that of the adjective. (See Rule 31.)

RULE 51.-All the above adjective pronouns can be used by themselves, that is instead of nouns, and then they agree with the noun they represent in number and gender, 52 and are all declined as explained

REMARK 51.-Solcher-e-es is generally preceded in the singular by ein, eine, ein; as-ein solcher Herr, such a gentleman; eine solche Dame, such a lady. But if it be followed by ein or an adjective, it remains invariable, and drops the er-e-es; as-solch ein Herz, such a heart; solch gute Leute, such good people.

REMARK 52.- On the use of dieser, jener, dies, das, dessen, &c.: (a) dieser relates to nearest objects, jener to the furthest; as dieser Mann, this man; jener Herr, that gentleman; diese Feder, this pen; jenes Papier, that paper.