ÀҾ˹éÒ˹ѧÊ×Í
PDF
ePub

in Rule 50; but der, die, das, if implying this or that,

[blocks in formation]

(b) dieses, meaning the indefinite neuter expression that, it, these, or those, is often contracted into dies or das, and sometimes even replaced by es for both numbers and all genders; as—

[blocks in formation]

(c) But that, used without a noun, must be always translated by das, and is invariable; as

That is a pen.

That is a lady.

Das ist eine Feder.

Das ist eine Dame.

But if it be used in opposition to dieses, or das hier (this), it is rendered

by jenes, or das da; as—

Give me this and that.

This is for me and that for you.

Geben Sie mir dies hier und das da

(dieses und jenes).

Dieses ist für mich und jenes ist für Sie.

in a partitive sense is rendered by

(d) Of it or of them taken dessen (m. and n.) and deren (fem. and plu.); as—

Have you brothers?

Yes, I have six (of them).

Have you any paper?

I have enough (of it).

Haben Sie Brüder?

Ja, ich habe deren sechs.

Haben Sie Papier?

Ich habe dessen genug.

But replace dessen and deren by davon, to avoid repetition; as

I have bought some apples.
Three of them I gave to him.

D

Ich habe Äpfel gekauft.

Drei davon gab ich ihm.

RULE 52.-A relative pronoun refers to a preceding noun or pronoun (called its antecedent) and serves to connect two sentences together.53 They are :—

[blocks in formation]

2. The boy whose book you
have.

3. The book we read.
4. Have you any friends?
Yes, I have some.

5. Have you any wine? Yes,
I have some.

(to whom)

(whom, which, some)

Der Knabe welchen ich sehe.
Der Knabe dessen Buch Sie haben.

[blocks in formation]

habe welche. Haben Sie Wein? Ja, ich habe welchen.

6. Has she any money? Yes, Hat sie Geld?

[blocks in formation]

Ja, sie hat

(e) The adverb eben added to demonstrative pronouns points out very particularly a noun; as

The very same gentleman.

This very book.

Eben derselbe Herr.

Eben dieses Buch.

(f) There are some compound adverbs formed from the genitive dessen and deren (contracted into desz and der) with various nouns and

adjectives; as

dergleichen, such like.

dereinst, once.

dergestalt, in such a way.

deszfalls, for that reason.
deszgleichen, the like of which.
deszhalb, therefore.

REMARK 53.-Relative pronouns are always expressed in German, and they require the verb at the end of a sentence: as

The money he has.

Das Geld welches er besitzt.

REMARK 54.-The noun that follows the genitive dessen and deren takes no article; as-der Knabe dessen Bücher hier sind.

(B) Declinable. Der, die, das; Pl., die, (who or which). They are declined like the demonstrative pronoun, der, die, das (see Rule 50) with the exception of the genitive plural, which is deren, and not derer. (Decline them.)

1. The bird you see.
2. The father we love.

EXAMPLES.

3. The master whom we obey.

Der Vogel den Sie sehen.

Der Vater den wir lieben.

Der Lehrer dem wir gehorchen.

(c) Declinable. Wer has no gender and no plural. N. wer, he who; G. wessen, he whose; D. wem, he to whom; A. wen, he whom. This pronoun gene

rally begins a sentence, and stands instead of derjenige welcher, he who; as

He who is contented is rich. He who is not for me is against me.

Wer reich ist, ist zufrieden.
Wer nicht für mich ist, ist gegen
mich.

(D) Indeclinable. Was, what.55

It never refers

to a noun but to something in general that has been said and done; it is always the object of the sentence; as

What I have.

Was ich habe.

What is beautiful is not al- Was schön ist, ist nicht immer

ways useful..

That is what he said.

nützlich.

Das ist's was er sagte.

RULE 53.-An indefinite pronoun represents a noun

REMARK 55.-There is also another invariable pronoun, which is so (who or which), occurring sometimes in poetry to avoid the repetition of der, die das; as-Hier schläft Röschen, so der Mutter Freude, so der Stolz des Dorfes war. Here lies Rosa, who was the joy of the mother, the pride of the village.

in an indefinite and general manner; they are3—man, one, they, people; jemand, somebody, someone; jedermann, everybody; niemand, nobody, no one; einer, irgendeiner, one, anyone, any; etwas, something; nichts, nothing; es, it, that, they; selbst, self; even ; einander, each other; der eine und der andere, beide, both; keiner, no, none, no one.

RULE 54.-There are in German certain pronominal locutions, composed of adverbs and prepositions. In Remark 57 will be found a list of them as a reference for the exercises. Practice and reading of good authors are the only guide for their proper application.

REMARK 56.-Man, etwas, nichts, einander, es, and selbst are invariable; einer and keiner are declined like the definite article; jemand and niemand take es in the genitive and do not change in the dative and accusative.

REMARK 57.-The following are the pronominal locations most in use:

da, dort, there.

darin, therein, in it.

daselbst, there, in that place.
daran, thereat, by it, at it.
dabei, thereby, by it.
darauf, upon that, on it.
dazu, thereto, for that.
dahin, thither, to it.
daher, thence, from there.
daraus, from thence.
darüber, over it, about that.
dafür, for that.

aarum, therefore, for that reason.
damit, therewith, with it.
davon, thereof, of it, from that,
darein, into it.

danach, after it, for it.

dadurch, by it, through that

wo, where.

worin, wherein, in what.
woselbst, even where.
woran, whereon, that by.
wobei, whereby, by which.
worauf, whereupon, on which.
wozu, whereat, for what.
wohin, whither, what way.
woher, whence, from what place.
woraus, from what, whence.
worüber, whereat, at what.
wofür, wherefore, for what.
worum, about what.
womit, wherewith, by which.
wovon, whereof, of what.
worein, where into, into what.
wonach, whereupon, after which.
wodurch, whereby, by which.

CHAPTER VIII.

ON VERBS.

RULE 55.-There are in German six kinds of verbs: 1. The auxiliary verbs: haben, sein, werden. 2. Transitive verbs, active voice: ich lobe.

3. Transitive verbs, passive voice: ich werde gelobt.

4. Neuter verbs, as: ich bin, ich reite, ich sitze. 5. Reflective verbs: sich befinden, sich freuen. 6. Impersonal verbs: es regnet, es donnert. RULE 56.-Verbs are also:

(A) Regular.

(B) Irregular.

(c) Compound separable.

(D) Compound inseparable.

RULE 57.-The infinitive of all German verbs ends in en or n." 58 By cutting off this termination we obtain the root of a verb, and by adding to it certain other endings we can conjugate all the simple tenses of every German verb.

Find out the root of loben, singen, thun, wollen, tadeln, pflanzen, tanzen, handeln.

RULE 58.-German verbs are subject to the following changes :

(A) Four moods : 1. The indicative; 2. the subjunctive; 3. the imperative; 4. the infinitive.59

REMARK 58.-In verbs that end in the infisitive in n the e is omitted by elision, thus-tadeln, thun, wechseln, stand instead of tadelen, thuen, wechselen.

REMARK 59.-The conditional mood of foreign languages is translated in German either by the imperfect of the subjunctive (if

« ¡è͹˹éÒ´Óà¹Ô¹¡ÒõèÍ
 »