62 (B) Six tenses (two simple): 1. The present; 2. the imperfect; (four compound): 3. the perfect; 4. the pluperfect; 5. the future; 6. the past future. (c) Two participles: The present and the past. (D) Two numbers: The singular and the plural. (E) Three persons: The first, the second, and the third. RULE 59. The present participle is formed by adding end to the root, as-lobend, tadelnd, thuend, singend. RULE 60. The past participle is formed by prefixing to the root the syllable ge and adding to it t,63 as— gelobt, getadelt, gekauft. practicable), or by a circumlocution made of the imperfect subjunctive of the verb werden and the present or past infinitive of the required verb; thus we would use For the present conditional. Sing. ich würde loben. er würde loben. Plu. wir würden loben. ihr würdet loben. sie würden loben. For the past conditional. I would have praised. REMARK 60.-Observe that the three different ways of expressing in English the present and the imperfeet tenses are always rendered in German in one form, thus: I love, I do love, or I am loving, is-ich liebe. I loved, I was loving, or I did love, is-ich liebte. REMARK 61.-Only two out of the four compound tenses are composed with the past participle, viz.,-the perfect and pluperfect. The future and past future tenses are composed, as in English, with the infinitive. REMARK 62. The participles are often used as adjectives, and then they agree with the noun to which they belong in number, gender, and case. (See Rule 29.) REMARK 63.-In the greater part of irregular verbs the past participle ends in en. (See Rule 66.) RULE 61.-There are three auxiliary or helping verbs, viz.,-haben, to have; sein, to be; and werden, to be. 65 66 REMARK 64.-There are, however, verbs, which do not take the initials ge in the past participle, they are: (a) All verbs that have the foreign termination iren or ieren, as— regieren, to govern, regiert; addiren, to add, addirt; spazieren, to walk, spaziert, &c. (b) Derived verbs, which begin by one of the particles be, ge, ent, emp, er, ver, zer; as—besuchen, to visit, besucht; erlangen, to attain, erlangt; verweilen, to stay, verweilt; zerstören, to destroy, zerstört. (c) Inseparable compound verbs, as - vollenden, to accomplish, vollendet; unterrichten, to instruct, unterrichtet; übersetzen, to translate, übersetzt. But in separable compound verbs the particle ge is placed between the verb and its compound, as-anklagen, to accuse, angeklagt; abkürzen, to shorten, abgekürzt; fortjagen, to send away, fortgejagt. REMARK 65.-These three verbs are also used by themselves, and then haben is an active verb, signifying to have; sein (to be), an intransitive verb, expressing a state or being; werden, also an intransitive verb, signifying to become; their conjugation is in both cases alike, with the exception of werden, which, used as an auxiliary, has in the past participle worden (been), and as an intransitive verb, geworden (become). REMARK 66.-The auxiliary verbs are used : haben to conjugate (a) All active or transitive verbs. (b) The greater part of neuter verbs. (c) All reflective verbs. (d) All impersonal verbs. sein to conjugate some neuter or intransitive verbs. (b) The passive voice of active verbs. Observe: On the two following pages will be found a tabular list of the conjugation of the three auxiliary verbs. Let the pupil learn off well one of them at a time, and not begin the next one until the former is completely mastered. 1. Present. 2. Imperfect. 3. Perfect. 4. Pluperfect. 5. Future. sie hatten I have had ich habe wir haben I had had du hattest wir hatten I shall or will have du wirst wir werden sie hätten If I have had ich hatte du hattest If I had dasz ich hätte du hättest I was ich war du warst er war wir waren sie waren I have been gehabt gehabt gehabt wir waren gewesen sie waren III. IMP. S. have (thou) habe. P. have (you) habet Present. to have, haben. If I shall or will have had sie werden I shall or will have been ich werde gewesen sein be (thou) sei been, *There are several other conjunctions that govern the subjunction. (See Rules on conjunctions.) We take dasz for example. * Mark that werden, as a neuter verb, implies to become, to grow; and its past participle is geworden and not worden. 67 RULE 62.-The indicative mood of all verbs can be used interrogatively, by putting in simple tenses the nominative case (pronoun or noun) after the verb, and in compound tenses between the auxiliary verb and the past participle; as gelobt worden? Conjugate interrogatively, in all the tenses of the indicative mood, haben, sein, and werden. RULE 63.-Every verb can be conjugated negatively by using the negation nicht. In simple tenses of the indicative mood it is placed after the verb, and in compound ones between the auxiliary verb and the past participle; as REMARK 67.-Observe on the interrogative conjugation of verbs: (a) That the final e of the verb is left out on account of euphony, but in that case it must be replaced by an apostrophe, as hab' ich. (b) That the imperfect of the subjunctive is sometimes used in the interrogative form, but merely suppress the conjunction wenn; ashätte ich Geld, instead of wenn ich Geld hätte; wär' ich gesund, instead of wenn ich gesund wäre. |