In the subjunctive mood the negation (nicht) is placed in simple and compound tenses before the

Conjugate in the negative form the three auxiliary verbs separately, and through all their tenses and moods.

RULE 64.-Active or transitive verbs are those which express an action passing over to an object, and they must all answer to the question whom or what? They all have a passive voice, in which the nominative of the active becomes the indirect object of the passive form; thus-ich liebe meinen Vater is the active voice of lieben, answering to the question, wen liebe ich? (whom do I love?) meinen Vater (the direct objective case of lieben).

But mein Vater wird von mir geliebt is the passive voice of lieben, since Vater, which was the objective case of the active form, is now the nominative case of the passive voice.

Thus the passive voice of a verb is the reverse of an active form; the nominative and accusative cases of the active verb becoming respectively the indirect object and the nominative case of the passive voice. Illustrate the above rule in the following examples : das Volk liebt seinen König,

der Schüler ehrt seinen Lehrer,
Mein Bruder schreibt einen Brief,

Dieser Hund ist von seinem Herrn verkauft worden.

RULE 65.-An active verb can be either regular or irregular. Every regular verb can be conjugated according to the following model :

* Observe that the endings to be added to the root are printed in different type. The compound tenses of active verbs are formed by haben. (See page 38.)

The following is the model for the conjugation of the passive voice of any regular active verb:

* Observe that the compound tenses of the passive voice are formed by werden. (See page 39.)

werde gelobt, be (thou) praised werdet gelobt, be (ye) praised

IV. INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present. gelobt werden, to be Past. gelobt worden sein, to have been praised

praised

Participles.

Past. gelobt, praised.

Fut. zu lobend, going to be loved.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

RULE 66.-There are in German about two hundred verbs which are not conjugated according to the given model of loben. Some of them change their radical vowel in the imperfect tense and the past participle; others form their past participle in en and not in t, and a few have various irregularities in certain persons or

tenses. They can all be divided into six classes, and as they occur very frequently in the ordinary use of the language their irregularities must be well committed to memory.

RULE 67.-General observations on the conjugation of irregular verbs :

(A) The present tense of the indicative and subjunctive moods is conjugated according to the model of regular verbs (loben) unless it be marked as irregular in the following lists.

(B) The imperfect tense of the indicative mood is formed by changing the radical vowel or dipthong. Note well, however, that the first and third persons singular take no inflexion except those indicated in the list; the other persons take the same inflexions as in the present tense of the indicative mood.

(c) The imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood is formed by softening the vowels a ou of the first person singular of the imperfect tense, indicative mood into ä ö ü and adding to it e est e for the singular, and en et en for the plural.

(D) The imperative mood takes usually the same terminations as in regular verbs, viz.-the singular is like the first person singular, and the plural like the second person plural of the present indicative, without the pronoun, unless it be marked as irregular.

(E) The present participle is always the same as in regular verbs, but the past participle terminates in almost all of them in en instead of et, the radical vowel of the root often undergoing an alteration.