Du wirst ihn weinen machen. Er hat sich schlafen gelegt. You will make him cry. He has laid down. RULE 90.-In all other cases the infinitive is preceded by the preposition zu, and it answers to the Latin SUPINE and GERUND; Er ging ihn zu sehen, Du bist geneigt mich zu tadeln. zu erhalten. Ich fürchte es ihm zu sagen. Sie hat noch ihre Aufgabe zu machen. Es ist Zeit zu schlafen. Diese Regel ist leicht zu behalten. as He went to see him. Thou art inclined to blame me. morrow. I am afraid to tell it him. It is time to go to sleep. This rule can be easily retained. RULE 91.-When we desire to express particularly the object or aim of the action we add um to the zu before an infinitive; as Um Anderen zu helfen, opferte er Alles auf. Der Mensch lebt nicht um zu essen, sondern er iszt um zu leben. Ich komme, um mit Ihnen zu sprechen. To help others, he sacrificed everything. Man does not live to eat, but he eats to live. I come to speak to you. RULE 92.-After ohne (without) and anstatt (instead) use the infinitive with zu instead of the present paiticiple in English; as― Ohne Abschied zu nehmen. Ohne es zu sehen. Anstatt es zu thun. Anstatt es zu sagen. Without taking leave. Without seeing it. Instead of doing it. Instead of saying it. REMARK 80.-Observe, that whenever you can use (as in the above examples) the conjunction IN ORDER TO, you must use um zu in German. RULE 93. Participles form no part of speech of themselves, they being merely derived from the verb, and partaking of the nature of an adjective. They can easily be transformed into an adjective by adding to them er, e, es; as-lobender-e-es, gelobter-e-es. RULE 94.-There are in German only two participles: the present (ending in end, and having an active or neuter meaning), as-singend, habend, gehend; and the past (ending in t or en, and having an active or passive meaning), as-gesungen, gehabt, gegangen. RULE 95.—The present participle is seldom used in German except as an adjective, viz., before a noun, when it agrees with it in number and gender; as— Der sterbende Greis. Die leidende Menschheit. Unterhaltende Bücher. The dying old man. RULE 96. However, the present participle is employed sometimes in German, to unite two phrases into one; as Zitternd, sagte er mir.... Erröthend vor Scham, verliesz er das Haus. Trembling, he said to me.... He left the house, blushing with shame. Lachend, erzählte er mir seine Laughing, he told me his adAbentheuer. ventures. RULE 97.-To render into German the present participle of foreign languages, various circumlocutions REMARK 81.-Some grammarians make a third participle-the future; but as it is merely the descriptive form of the present participle, preceded by zu, it is improperly called a participle, and it is used only to replace the supine and the gerund of the Latin; as, Der zu schreibende Brief. Die zu hoffende Nachricht. Die zu erlangende Stelle. The letter to be written. must be substituted by means of relative pronouns or the conjunctions, weil, nachdem, als, da, wenn, indem; as Da ich krank war, ging ich zur Being ill, I went to the seaside. Seeküste Jemand, der bei Ihrem House vorbeiging, sah Ihre Schwester. Da ich noch jung war, ging ich in die Schule. Weil ich kein Geld hatte, konnte ich dieses Haus nicht kaufen. Er hat sich beim Tanzen erkältet. Some one, passing your house, saw your sister. Being still young, I went to school. Not having had any money, could not buy this house. He got cold with dancing. RULE 98. The past participle is used I (A) To form compound tenses of a verb; as-ich habe gelesen, ich bin geritten, er ist gegangen. (B) As an adjective, when it is placed before and agrees with the noun (to which it belongs) in number and gender; as— Der erhaltene Brief. Das bebaute Feld. The received letter. The finished work. The cultivated field. (c) To replace sometimes the imperative, the infinitive, and even the present participle; as— Getrunken, gespielt! Das heiszt gesungen! Er kam gesprungen. Sie kommen gefahren. Let us drink, let us play! That I call singing! He came jumping. They are coming in a coach. (D) In the poetical style the past participle is used to unite two or more sentences, in order to render the expression more precise or more elegant ; as— Von seinen Freunden verrathen, Von seinen Feinden verfolgt, Entfloh Themistokles nach Persien. Betrayed by his friends, persecuted by his enemies, Themistocles fled to Persia. Die Unschuld ist des Lebens Glück: Und keine Reue bringt sie zurück. Innocence is the happiness of life: trifled away and abandoned, it forsakes us for the whole of our lives, and no repentance can recal it. CHAPTER X. OF ADVERBS. RULE 99.-An adverb is an invariable part of speech modifying either a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as-Der Mann ist weise, der Mann denkt weise, ein sehr weiser Mann, der Mann denkt sehr weise. RULE 100.-There are seven different kinds of adverbs, viz. : (A) Adverbs of quality; as-gut, böse, stark, &c. (B) Adverbs of negation, affirmation, mood, and doubt; as-ja, nein, wirklich, kuum, &c., dc. (c) Adverbs of quantity; as-viel, wenig, &c., &c. (D) Adverbs of interrogation; as-wo? warum? &c., &c. (E) Adverbs of time; as-heute, morgen, &c., &c. (F) Adverbs of comparison; as-sehr, gar, dc., &c. (G) Adverbs of place; as-hier, dort, &c., &c. RULE 101.-Adverbs of quality are simply adjectives placed after the verb; as-Gott ist allwissend; das Kind ist krank; die Stadt ist sehr grosz. G RULE 102.-Adverbs of negation, affirmation, mood, Observe that these abverbs stand before nouns or pronouns, but they always remain invariable; asviel Geld; eben so viel Freunde, &c. REMARK 82.-The negation nicht must not be used: (a) With verbs that contain a negative meaning in themselves; as—. verbieten, to forbid; läugnen, to deny; verhindern, to hinder; versagen, to refuse; sich hüten, to beware; zweifeln, to doubt. (b) With another negation; as-ich liebe nicht keinen Wein, is wrong; to be correct we must say, ich liebe nicht Wein, or ich liebe keinen Wein. (c) With the particle un (an abbreviation of ohne, without) which is prefixed to some adjectives and adverbs of quality and mood, to avoid the use of nicht; thus we can say— glücklich happy höflich, polite möglich, possible angenehm, agreeable unglücklich, unhappy unhöflich, rude unmöglich, impossible unangenehm, disagreeable |