And some of the interrogative pronominal locutions enumerated in Remark 57.

And all multiplicative numbers. (See Rules 39, 40,

RULE 106.-Adverbs of comparison, serving to

modify adjectives only, are :

RULE 107.-Adverbs of place are a great many of the pronominal locutions enumerated in Remark 57,

RULE 108.-Some adverbs of time and quantity and all adverbs of quality (see Rule 101) admit of degrees of comparison. The comparative is formed by adding er; and the superlative by adding sten or esten to the abverb, and prefixing am or aufs to the superlative;8

REMARK 83.-Adverbs composed of her and hin must not be mistaken for each other. Observe that hin marks always the direction from the speaker (the nominative case of the sentence) to a given object (the accusative case of the sentence), whereas her marks an approach from a given point to the speaker; hence hin points out a TERMINUS AD QUEM, and her a TERMINUS A QUO. Thus we would say komme herunter to a person standing on a hill; and if he wished me to come up, he would say, komme herauf. In these sentences it will be observed that herunter and herauf mean an approach to the speaker from a given point. On the other hand, if he and I do not wish to come to one another, I would say, ich komme nicht hinauf; and he would answer, und ich nicht hinunter. In these sentences the hinauf and hinunter imply a direction from the speaker to a given object. REMARK 84.-The following are exceptions to this rule:

CHAPTER XI.

OF PREPOSITIONS.

RULE 109.-Prepositions are invariable, and serve to express the relation of words when it cannot be sufficiently shown by the declensions; thus in saying, Karl lauft vor, hinter, nach dem Hunde, we express by means of three prepositions, vor, hinter, and nach (all three governing the same case), the different relations between Karl and Hund.

RULE 110.-Every preposition governs a given case; that is to say, requires the noun or pronoun following it to be put in a particular case: thus we say, mit mir, anstatt seiner, für meinen Bruder, ohne Tugend, &c.

RULE 111.-There are five kinds of prepositions:

1. Prepositions requiring the genitive.

2. Prepositions requiring the dative.

3. Prepositions requiring the accusative.

4. Prepositions requiring the genitive and dative. 5. Prepositions requiring the dative and accusative.

RULE 112.-Prepositions requiring the genitive

are .85

anstatt (statt), instead of

kraft,

}by

by virtue of

halben or halber, an account of vermöge,

REMARK 85.-(a) anstatt (or its abreviation statt) precedes the noun or pronoun; as- anstatt seiner, statt seines Vaters; but if statt be separated from an, then an precedes the pronoun or noun, and statt follows it, being written with a capital letter, as-an meiner Statt, an des Königs Statt, an meines Vaters Statt.

(b) halben and halber are always put after the substantive, and halber is used when there is no article or determinative word before the noun;

RULE 113.-Prepositions governing the dative are:86

entgegen, towards (opposite of) sammt, together with

The following verses will facilitate the understanding
of the dative :-
:-

Nach dir schmacht' ich, zu dir eil' ich, du geliebte Quelle du!
Aus dir schöpf ich, bei dir ruh' ich, seh' dem Spiel der Wellen zu.
Mit dir scherz ich von dir lern'ich heiter durch das Leben wallen,
Angelacht von Frühlingsblumen und begrüszt von Nachtigallen.

as-deiner Tugend halben; Ehren halber. These prepositions are contracted with possessive pronouns in the same way as wegen. [See (b), Remark 50.]

(c) wegen generally follows the noun, but is always placed after possessive pronouns; viz.: des Geldes wegen, or wegen des Geldes; but meinetwegen, seinetwegen.

(d) um willen is always divided; as-um des Himmels willen, um seinetwillen.

(e) trotz (preposition) must be distinguished from Trotz (noun): the latter one governs the dative; as-trotz meines Befehles, but Trotz dem, der widerspricht, that is, Trotz sei geboten dem, der widerspricht.

REMARK 86.-(a) aus must not be used for auszer; thus we must