say, auszer Gefahr, out of danger; and aus den Augen, out of sight. (Observe that aus is used in opposition to in.) (b) zuwider, gegenüber, entgegen are put behind the noun: as-den Gesetzen zuwider, mir gegenüber, dir entgegen. (c) nach is put after the noun in some locutions only; as-allem Anscheine nach, der Zeitung nach, &c., &c. (d) mit must not be used in conjunction with sammt, as they both express nearly the same relation: mit refers rather to persons, and sammt to things or plural nouns; as-mit seiner Familie, der Lehrer sammt seinen Schülern. (e) When mit, bei, von, nach, zu are followed by a substantive without any article or adjective, the noun does not take the e (if it should have one according to Rule 11); as-mit Weib un Kind, von Tisch und Bett, mit Fleisz, mit Sack und Pack, &c., &c. REMARK 87.-Für must not be changed with vor; before the 16th century both of them were used indiscriminately. Für is used :— (a) When it means-instead of some one or of something, or indicating some use, profit, or pleasure; as Ich übernehme für ihn diese Schuld. I take this debt for him. Du siehst einen Schatten für ein Gespenst. Er predigte für mich. Er belohnt mich für meine Mühe. Thou seest a shadow for a ghost. He preached for me. He rewards me for my trouble. (b) To show affection for a person or liking for a thing; as Liebe für Jemanden empfinden. To feel love for some one. (c) With verbs that signify a taking for; as (d) After was to ask questions; as-Was für Wetter ist es? Was für ein Mann ist er? Was für Leute? The use of the accusative case is very forcibly illustrated in the following verses : Durch dich ist die Welt mir schön, ohne dich würd' ich sie hassen, RULE 115.-Prepositions governing the genitive and dative cases are :88 zufolge, in consequence of, according to, pursuant to (e) In certain expressions, meaning after or impying order; asMann für Mann, Tag für Tag, Schritt für Schritt, Nacht für Nacht. Also in certain idioms; as-für dieszmal, für Spasz, ich für meinen Theil &c., &c. (f) gen will be found in poetical works instead of gegen; as-gen Himmel, gen Westen, gen Morgen. (g) sonder is sometimes used instead of ohne; as-sonder Zweifel, sonder gleichen. (h) Wider (against) signifies opposition, resistance, and must not be misspelt wieder, which implies repetition (again). Distinguish between widersprechen and wieder sprechen. REMARK 88.-(a) zufolge governs the genitive if placed before the noun, and the dative if placed after: as-zufolge meines Befehles: but with the dative, meinem Befehle zufolge. (b) längs (along) can be used with the genitive or the dative indiscriminately. The dative is considered by some authors preferable. Längs dem Ufer hinfahen. (c) ob, implying on account of, Den sie ob seines Muthes ehrten. To ride along the bank. To go along the way. governs the genitive; as— Whom they honoured on account of his courage. But implying on the other side, it takes the dative; as Das Land ob der Ems. The country over the Ems. They require the dative when the verb by which they are governed denotes a state of rest, continuance or abode in one place, and when it answers to the questions-wo? (where?) woran? (whereon?) worauf? (whereupon?) an wem? (on whom?); as Er ist in der Stube. (Wo ist er?) Er steht an der Wand. (Wo steht er?) Er arbeitet an seiner Aufgabe. (Woran arbeitet er ?) They require the accusative when the verb by which they are governed denotes a motion or direction towards an object, and answers to the questions— wohin? (where to?) an wen? (to whom?); as— Ich gehe in die Stube. (Wohin geh' ich?) (Wohin stelle ich mich?) (Wohin setzt er sich ?) (An wen schreib' ich?) RULE 117.-Some prepositions are contracted with the article, on account of euphony; they are: REMARK 89.-Distinguish between zwischen and unter: the former means the space between two things, as zwischen ihm und mir; and the latter means a mixture amongst other things, as es gibt Unkraut unter dem Weizen. Explain-am Fusze, im Fluzse, aufs Feld, ins Gebirge, zum Ganzen, vom Berge, zur Aufgabe, &c., &c. CHAPTER XII. OF CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. RULE 118.-Conjunctions are invariable; they serve to join words or sentences, and influence greatly in German the construction and the order of the language. (See Syntax.) They are of various kinds. (A) Joining and disjoining sentences; as und, and; auch, also; oder, or wie auch, as also; ferner, further; zugleich, at the same time sowohl .... als auch, both .... and (B) Shewing dependency, limit, or condition; as— REMARK 90.-There are only few pure conjunctions that simply join words and have no influence upon the arrangement of a sentence; they are: und, aber, oder, allein, sondern, denn. da, as, since ob, if, whether falls, in case dagegen wo fern, provided that | whereas, wo nicht, if not sonst, otherwise hingegen, on the other hand. dessen ungeachtet, nevertheless dahingegen Jon the other hand vielmehr, rather (c) Implying submission, comparison, or cause: weil, because wenn, when da, as, since RULE 119.-Interjections are invariable, and serve to express our feelings and sentiments; they are: (A) Simple; that is, mere momentary and sudden expressions of joy, pain, wonder, abhorrence, &c., &c.; as-ah! ha! ach! o! weh! oh! pfui! hm! hem! st! pst! topp! &c., &c. (B) Compound; that is, exclamations composed of two or more words ;91 as-frisch weg! Glück zu! Gott sei Dank! dasz Gott erbarm! welch ein ! .... wirklich! ist's möglich! pfui, schäm dich! Nun, wohl an! leider ! REMARK 91.-weh, wohl, and heil require the dative; as- Weh mir! Heil dem Könige; leider requires the genitive; as-leider Gottes. All the other interjections either require no case at all or have generally the nominative. |