auxiliaries they again overwhelm Gaul,
but are repulsed in Spain, ib.; send an
embassy to Rome, ib.; defeat Silanus
Manlius and Cæpio, 63; Marius sent
against them, 64; defeat of their allies,
65; cross the Adige, 66; defeated by
Marius with immense slaughter, 67; sub-
sequent accounts of by Strabo and Taci-
tus, 68; whether Celts or Goths, 68,
note, difficulty in conquering them, 134;
their arms and armour, 165.
Codex Argenteus, account of, 225.
Columbus, his discoveries inquired into,
267.

Concubinage in Scandinavia, 312; story
illustrative of, 313.

Constantinople attacked by the Scandina-
vian sea-rovers, 192.

428.

Dead, burning of, amongst the Scandina-
vians, 209.

Denmark, early inhabitants of, 60; uncer-
tainty of its early history, 71; the Goth-
landic hypothesis, ib.; hypothesis of
Rudbeck, ib.; of Saxo-Grammaticus,
72; of Torfæus, 74; temples destroyed
there, 110; human sacrifices there, 114;
oracles, 116; election of its kings, 128.
Destinies, the Three, 97. 412, 413.
Dighton writing rock, 262.
Diviners among the Scandinavians, 117;
their supposed power, 118.

Divorce, Icelandic laws of, 317; story of, ib.
Drontheim, celebrated temple there, 109.
Duels, laws of, 328; account of, 325. 328.

335.

Dwarfs, 404; origin of, 409.

Earth, Eddaic account of its creation, 404.
Edda, the Elder, 362; classification of the
poems of, 363.

Edda, the Prose or Younger, 90. 377;
translation of, 397; remarks on, 479;
interpolation in, 485;-see Mythology.
Eikthyrnir, the stag of Valhalla, 431.
Eirek the Red discovers Greenland, 244;
saga of, 251.

Elivagar, the rivers, 402.

Elves of Light and Darkness, 414.
Embla, the first woman, 99. 406.
Esquimaux ;-see Skrællings.
Europe, early notices of, 38; eastern origin
of its inhabitants, ib.; northern nations
conquered by Odin, 80; their ancient re-
ligion, 87; change in, 90; change in the
climate, 241.

Eyrbyggja Saga, abstract of, 517.
Eyvind, his historical poem, 236.

Feasts, fondness of the Scandinavians for
them, 195; customs of, 196; liquors used
at, ib.; fraternities attending them, 197.
Fenrir, the wolf, begotten by Loki, 96;
will break from his chains, 102; devours
Odin, 103; chaining of, 423; at Ragna-
rök, 452.

Festivals, religious, the three great ones,

110.

the Skrællings, 258; her voyage with
Helgi and Finnbogi, 261; her cruelty, i
Freyja, the goddess of love, worshipped
by the Scandinavians, 93; Eddaic account
of, 419. 426.

Fridleif, story of, in Saxo, 116.
Frigga, wife of Odin, worshipped by the
Scandinavians, 93; Eddaic account of,
406. 426.

Frotho, king of Denmark, 137. his con-
tempt of death, 152.

Funerals of the Scandinavians, 209; cere-
monies of, 213; tombs guarded by Odin,
214.

Gauls overwhelmed by the Cimbri and
Teutons, 61, 62; offer uo human sacri-
fices, 114;-see Celts.

Gefjon, Eddaic account of her ploughing,
398.

Germans;-see Teutons.
Ghost stories, 535.

Giants of the Frost, origin of, 402; Thor's
visit to them, 435.

Gimli, the highest heaven, 104. 400, 456:
Finn Magnusen's Theory of, 499.
Ginnungagap, 402.

Glossary of proper names used in the Edda,

541.

Glossology, advance in, 29.

Goa, goddess, festival in honour of, 111.
Gothic alphabet, origin of, 224.
Goths;-see Teutons.
Government;-see Laws.

Grágás, the Icelandic code of laws, 297:
character of, 298; their protection of per-
son and property, 300; severity of the
enactinents, 301; relating to murder and
libel, 302; to poetry, 303; poor laws,
304; punishment for begging, 306; laws
respecting property, ib.; majority, ;
whalefishing, 307; highway robbery, 308.
Greenland first discovered by Eirek, 244;
the colonists embrace Christianity, 245;
their mysterious disappearance, ;
fruitless attempt to rediscover them, 246;
vestiges of the ancient settlement,
hypothesis settled concerning the posi
tion of the Bygds, 247; discovery of
the Kingiktorsoak stone, ib.; references
to the colonies in old Icelandic Sagas, 249,

;

Hakon, Earl of Norway, his temple at
Drontheim, 109, sacrifices his son to
Odin, 112. 144; attacked bythe Jomsburgh
sea-rovers, 144; defeats them with the
assistance of a sorceress, 145; execution
of the prisoners, 146; his faith in the
sorceress, 148; takes five Skalds with
him, 235.

Halfdan the Black, king of Westfold, etc.,
84; father of Harald Hárfagra, 86; a
real personage, ib.

Harald Hardádra, his generalship at the
battle of Stamford bridge, 168; in the
service of the Byzantine emperors, ib.,
194; story of a siege, 169.
Harald Hárfagra, his tyranny, 75; re-
nounces the Scandinavian gods before
the introduction of Christianity, 121;
conquers Norway and prohibits piracy,
182; banishes Rollo for breaking the
law, 183; his absolute power, 187; re-
wards the Skalds, 235; introduces the
feudal system, 280.

Hastings, a sea-king, story of, 170.

Hati, the wolf that pursues the moon, 407.
Háva-mál, the Eddaic Poem, translation
of, 367.

Hebrides, sale of, 191.

Heidrun, the she goat in Valhalla, 431.
Heimdall, porter to the gods, 95; his
powers, ib.; will slay Loki, 96. 103;
sounds his trumpet in the last ages, 102;
Eddaic account of, 421; at Ragnarok,
452.

Hela, or Death, begotten by Loki, 96; her
residence, 106; Eddaic account of, 423.
Hellenic race, 42.

Helluland, notices concerning, 252. 270.272.
Hermod, his journey to Hel, 448.
Hilda, mother of Rollo, 183.

Hindostanic race, 42.

Hlidskjálf, throne of Odin, 406.

and traditions, 76; two celebrated tem.
ples there, 109; early discovery of, 187-
wooden crosses found there, 189; descrip;
tion of, 281; colonization of, 284; cere-
monies of the emigration, ib.; of landing,
286; ceremonies of the colonists in taking
possession, 287.

leelanders, their contests, 288, exchange
of possessions, 289; government of their
chiefs, ib.; established by Ulfliot, 290;
classes of society, ib.; division of the
country, ib.; the Things and Thingsteads,
291; the Al-thing, 292; their code of
laws, see Grágás; manners and cus-
toms of, 309; concubinage allowed, 312;
judicial formalities required in marriage
contracts, 315; rights of women, 316;
frequency of divorce, 317; freedom of
wives, 318; loose conduct, 319; cere-
mony of legitimation, 320; laws relating
to kissing and elopements, ib.; stories
of, 321. 339. 345; literature of, 362;
Eddaic literature, ib.; Skaldic literature,
379; construction of Icelandic verse, 380;
its resemblance to Greek and Latin hexa-
meters, 385; Saga literature, 386; modern
literature of, 396; embrace Christianity,
470.

Iduna, wife of Bragi, 421; carried away by
Thjassi, 460.

Indrid, story of, in the Icelandic chronicle,
116.

Ingialld Illradi, the last king of the Yngling
dynasty, 85; succeeded by Ivar Vidfami,
ib.; account of his ancestors in the Yng-
Ingolf, his settlement in Iceland, 188.286.
linga-saga fictitious, ib.
Inscriptions, northern, 73; modern date
of, 76.

Iranic race, 43.

Ivar Vidfami succeeds Ingialld, 85; ac-
count of by Saxo fictitious, ib.

James III. obtains the Orkney and Shet-
Jomsburgh sea-rovers, origin of, 139;
land Isles on a mortgage, 191.
government of, 140; proceedings of, 141;
visit King Svend, 143; their expedition,
144; defeated, and several prisoners
taken, 145; treatment of the prisoners,
ib.; their bravery, 146.

Jormungand, the serpent, begotten by
Loki, 96. 423; fished for by Thor, 445;
death of, 102. 453.

Julin, a sea-port of the Vends, 139; de-
stroyed by Valdemar I., ib.

Jury, trial by, origin of, note, 292, note, 521.

446.

Holmgang;-see Duels.
Hrimfaxi, the horse, 406.

Hrimthursar, or frost giant, origin of, 402.
Human species, varieties of, 27.
Hvergelmir, the spring, 401.
Hymir, the giant, accompanies Thor in
fishing for the Midgard serpent, 444.

Iceland, manuscripts found there, 74;
writers of, 75; its first inhabitants, ib.;
the Skalds, ib.; character of their annals

248.

Kormak's Saga, abstract of, 321.
Kormak, the Scandinavian Petrarca, his
betrothal to Steingerda, 322; his duel
with Bersi, 325; his tender interview with
Steingerda, 332: his duel with Tintein,
335; has to pay for kissing Steingerda,
336; his death, 339.

Landnámabók, account of, 391; ancedotes
from, 287, 288, 289. 316. 319.
Language of the early European nations,
difference in, 16; affinity between the
Celtic and Teutonic, 23; classification of,

30.

Lapps differ from the Finns, 41; notices
of, ib.; ancient possessions in Scandinavia,
69.

Laws and institutions of the Teutons, 122;
as described by Tacitus, ib; its free
character, 124; preservation of liberty,
125; of the Scandinavians, their election
of kings, 128; their little need of civil
laws, 129; principle of revenge, ib.;
compensation for injuries, 130; of the
Saxons, ib.; relating to murder, 131;
theft, ib.; judiciary combats, ordeals,
etc., 132; relating to adultery, rapes,
etc., 205; of the ancient Icelanders, 289;
code of, see Grágás; concerning con-
cubinage, 313; betrothals and marriages,
315; divorce, 316; legitimation, 320;
against kissing, ib.

Laxdæla Saga, abstract of, 345.
Legitimation, Icelandic law of, 320.
Leff, son of Eirek, converts Greenland to
Christianity, 245; his discoveries in Ame-
rica, 252.

Liberty, preservation of, amongst the
Teutons, 125.

Logogryphs, enigmas of the Skalds, 239.
Lögsögumadr presided over the Al-thing,
294; his power, 296.

Loki, the evil principle of the Scandina-
vians, 95; his character in the Edda, 96;
his children, ib.; will be slain by Heim-
dall, ib., 103; helps to recover Thor's
mallet, 375; Eddaic account of, 422;
story of, 433; goes with Thor to the land
of giants, 435; effects the death of Baldur,
445; his flight and punishment, 449; de-
ceives Iduna, 460.

Longinus, Cassius, defeated by the Cimbri,
63.
Luctatius, Catulus, elected consul with
Marius, 63; marches against the Cimbri,
64. 66, 67.

Luna, story of the siege of, 171.

Magic of the Scandinavians, 227.
Magnus Barefoot, son of Olaf, his con-
quests, 190.

Magnus Lagabatter sells the Hebrides and
Isle of Man, 191.
Magnusen, Finn, character of his theories,
477; his theory of the All Father, 483.
497; his explanation of the Yggdrasill
myth, 488; of Naströnd, 497; of Gimli,
499; his arrangement of the deities, etc.;
504; arrangement of the Scandinavian
worlds, 506.

Magyars, striking resemblance of their
civil institutions with those of the Scan-
dinavians, note, 277; ib. 279; ib. 293; 16.
295.

Man, varieties of, 27.
Man, Isle of, sale of, 191.

Marco Polo, his travels led to Columbus's
discovery, 268.

Margaret, Queen, monopolized the trade
of Iceland, Greenland, etc., 246.
Markland, notices concerning, 252. 270
272.

Maritime Expeditions of the Scanding-
vians, 172.

Marius elected consul, 63; marches against
the Cimbri, 64; his peculiar tactics,
ib.; defeats the Ambrones, 65; the Teu-
tons, 66; the Cimbri, 67; entitled
"Third Founder of Rome," 68.

Marriage customs of the Celts and Teutons
compared, 9; of the Scandinavians, 202;
punishments for breaches of, 205; Ice-
landic laws relating to, 305; contracted
to save reputations, 314; story of, B.;
betrothal, 315; power of married wo-
men, 316; divorces, ib.; story of, 317;
stories relating to, 321. 339. 345.
Melkorka, daughter of the Irish king Mur-
catoc, her romantic story, 313.
Midgard, 405;-see Jormungand.
Mimir's well, 411.

Mithridates defeated by Pompey, 79.
Money, amongst the Scandinavians, 218.
Moon, Eddaic account of, 407.
Muspellheim, 401, 402.
Mythology, Scandinavian, 90; the worship
of Odin, of Frigga and Freyja, 93; of
Thor, 94; of the other gods and god-
desses, 95; the court of the gods, 96;
the three Fates, 97; description of Chaos,
96; creation of the earth, 98; compared
with general tradition, 99; its peculiar
character, 100; its effects 101. 106; final
destiny of the world, 102; immortality
of the soul, 103; its conformity with
Christianity, 104; future abodes of the
good and wicked, ib.; occupations of the
heroes in Valhalla, ib.; the abode of the
miserable, 106; translations from the
Elder Edda, 367; of the Prose Edda,
397; critical examination of the system,
464; Scandinavian and Persian systems
compared, 472; various explanations of
myths, 477; compared with the Brab
minical doctrines, 479; the Yggdrasill
myth, 488; places of eternal punishment,
498; of celestial bliss, 499; arrangement
of the deities, 504; of the worlds, 506;
-see also Religion."

Naddod, the first discoverer of Iceland, 187.
Naglfar, the ship made of dead men's
nails, 452.

Nanna, wife of Baldur, 407; dies with
grief at his death, 448.

Naströnd, the future place of punishment,
104; noticed in the Prose Edda, 456;
Finn Magnusen's theory of, 497.
Newfoundland, discovery of, 964.
Nidhogg, 411, 412, 413.

Niflheim, description of, 106; formation
of, 401; situation of, 505.
Night, Eddaic account of, 406.
Nithing, explanation of, 154; account of
the Nithing post, 155; stories of, 156;
laws respecting, 157; Nithing verse-wri-
ters punished by the Icelandic law, 302.
Njals-saga, abstract of, 339.

Njord, god of the sea and winds, 95; Eddaic
account of, 418; story of his marriage
to Skadi, 461.
Normans;-see Northmen.
Norns, or Destinies, 412, 413.
Northmen defeat the French, 175; under

Rollo, 184; established in France, 185;
conquer England, 186; discover Iceland,
187; discover Greenland under Eirek,
244; America under Leif, 245. 252; un-
der Bjarni, 251; under Thorvald, 253;
under Thorstein, Thorfinn, etc., 255;
skirmishes with the Skrællings, 258;
quarrel about the women, 259: evidence
concerning their discoveries, 261.
Norway, chronicle of the kings of, 84; re-
ligious grottos there, 108; human sacri-
fices, 114; oracles, 116; election of its
kings, 129; its earlier state, 277; tenure
of its lands, ib.; government, 278; feudal
system introduced, 230;-see Scandina-
vians, Icelanders.

Odm, the so-called historical, epoch of his
arrival in Denmark, 61. 85; tradition
concerning, 79; defeated by the Romans,
ib.; assumes the name of the chief god,
80; marches to the north of Europe, ib.;
subdues Denmark, and makes his son,
Skjöld, king, 81; enters Sweden, and
is worshipped as a divinity, ib.; suc-
ceeds to the throne, ib.; conquers Nor-
way, and appoints his son, Sæming, king,
82; his death and character, ib.; con-
founded with the deity, 83; his character
in the Icelandic chronicles, ib.; legend of
in the Ynglinga Saga, critically exa-
mined, 84. 393.

Odin, the Scandinavian deity, 91; his attri-
butes according to the Edda, 92; his wife
Frigga, 93; his son Thor, 94; Baldur,
96; his conduct in the last ages, 103;
hall of, 105; worshipped in the temple
at Upsal, 110; festival in honour of, 111;
human sacrifices to him, 112; his grove
at Upsal, 113; hall of, 151; guarded the
burial deposits of the Scandinavians, 214;
story of in the Elder Edda, 365; Eddaic
account of his birth, 403; creates the
earth, 404; man and woman, 406; the
golden age, 409; description of, 415, 416;
his ravens, 430; at Ragnarök, 415; story
of his obtaining the poetical mead, 461.
Olaf Pà, a celebrated Icelandic chieftain, his
birth, 313; his political influence, 327;
his succession feast, 346; his death, 359;
-see Kjartan.

Olaf, St., anecdote of, 126.

Olaf, son of Ingialld, retires from Sweden

to the Vænir lake, 85; ridiculed as a
wood-cutter, 86; burnt to death, ib.; his
descendants, ib.

| Olaf Thordson, author of the Skalda, 379.
Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway, razes
the temple at Drontheim, 109; instances
in his history of unbelieving warriors,
119, 120; takes three Skalds with him
to battle, 236; his swimming match with
Kjartan, 349; his zeal for the propaga-
tion of Christianity, 351, 352.
Oracles, Scandinavian, 116.
Ordeals, various kinds of, 132.
Orkney islands, mortgage of, 191.

Palnatoki, chief of the Jomsburgh sea-
rovers, 139; his government and laws,
140; refuses to admit Vagn, 141; his
death, 142.

Paris, investment of, 168.

Persian mythology compared with the
Scandinavian, 472.
Piracy amongst the ancients, 173.
Poetry cultivated by the Icelanders, 75;
degree of evidence to be attached to it,
77; used in divinations, 117; satirical,
158; used in the relation of exploits,
ib.; its priority to prose, 233; never
committed to writing, 234; style and cha-
racter of, 237; founded on their mytho-
logy, 238; Icelandic laws relating to,
302; construction of Icelandic verse,
380; story of its origin, 461.
Poets; see Skalds.

Polygamy in Scandinavia, 312.
Poor-laws amongst the Icelanders, 304.
Priests, German, power vested in, 115.
Prophetesses amongst the Scandinavians,

200.

Ragnar Lodbrok king, 105; his death,
149. 383; increase of the fleet during his
reign, 177; his Death Song, 235. 383.
Ragnarök, or the twilight of the gods, 102.
104; Eddaic account of, 451.
Religion of the Celts and Teutons com-
pared, 11; of the Scandinavians, its pri-
mitive character, 87; corruptions and
fables of, see Mythology; includes a belief
in the immortality of the soul, 103; its
conformity with Christianity, 104; its
character, 106; temples and altars of,
107; grottos, 108; festivals, 110; sacri-
fices, 111; ceremonies, 113; oracles, 116;
divinations, 111; auguries, 118; its con-
nection with war, 138; its real character,
468.476.

Reykjarvik, capital of Iceland, origin of,

286.

Rigs-mál, the Eddaic poem, 365.
Rollo breaks the law against piracy, 183;
his origin ib. note; banished, 184; sails for
the Hebrides, ib.; repulsed in England,
ib.; invades France, and obliges Charles
to purchase peace, ib.; his interview with
the king, 185; embraces Christianity,
ib.; character of, in the Icelandic chroni-
cles, 186.

Romanic race, 42. 56.
Runic characters, 118. 221. 229; inscriptions
discovered in Tartary, 225; their con-
nection with magic, 226; the substitu

tion of Roman characters, 228; character
of, ib.; names, significations, etc., 229;
alphabets, 232.
Runic staffs, 220.

Russian empire founded by Rurik, 152.

Sacrifices, simplicity of the earlier ones, 111;
human victims, 112; ceremonies attend-
ing them, 113; general prevalence of,
114.

Sæhrimnir, the boar, 105.

Sæmund Sigfusson, collector of the Elder
Edda, 363.

Sagas, doubtful authority of the Ynglinga,
84; general authority, 309; abstract of
Kormak's Saga, 821; of Njals-Saga, 339;
of the Laxdæla-Saga, 345; Saga litera-
ture, 386; Müller's account of, 387;
classification of, 390; abstract of the
Eyrbyggja Saga, 517.

Sarmatians, Cluverius's opinions concern-
ing them, 2.

Saxons, laws of, 130; relating to murder,
131; theft, ib.; judiciary combats, 132;
ordeals, ib.; invasion of Britain, 161; ac-
company the Lombards into Italy, 162;
conquered by the Scandinavians, 175;
conquer Britain, 180; tribes of, 181.
Scandinavians have caused the most nu-
merous revolutions, 55; superiority of
the spirit of their government, 58;
ancient, 70; conquered by Odin, 80;
their primitive religion, see Religion;
corruptions and fables of, see Mythology;
their exterior worship, 107; temples and
remains of altars, ib.: grottos, 108;
celebrated temple at Upsal, 109; three
great religious festivals, 110; their sacri-
fices, 111; religious ceremonies, 113;
oracles, 116; divinations, 117; auguries,
118; their contempt for many of their
own superstitions, 119; their laws and
institutions, 122; election of kings,
128; little need of civil laws, 129; prin-
ciple of revenge, ib.; compensation
of injuries, 130; laws relating to mur-
der, 131; theft, judiciary combats, 132;
ordeals, ib.; their passion for arms,
valour, etc., 134; story of the Jomsburgh
sea-rovers, 139; their expedition, 144;
courage of the Scandinavians, 149; con-
tempt of death, 150; defied the gods
themselves, 153; their respect for their
arms, 154; propensity to single combats,
ib.; of the Nithing stake, 154; mode of
proceeding, 157; monuments and poetry
upon their heroes, 158; perpetual state
of warfare, 159; their emigrations, 160;
their probable population. ib.; their man-
ner of making war, 163; their army,
164: conduct upon the field of battle,
165: their arms, ib.; their armour, 166;
their fortifications, 167; their good sea-
manship, 168; their modes of bes eging
towns, ib.; siege of Sicilian towns by
Harald Hardádra, 169; stories of, ib.;
their maritime expeditions, 172; early
piracy recorded by Sidonius Apollinarius,
174; conquer the Anglo-Saxons and
French, 175; defeated by Alfred, 176;

causes and results of their naval power,
177; emulation amongst the naval chiefs,
178; character of their fleet, 179; in-
vasion of Britain, 180; a fleet under
Rollo retire to the Hebrides, 184; their
unsuccessful attempt on England, ib.;
conquests in France, ib.; Normandy
secured, 185; other princes, 196; first
discover Iceland, 187; establish them-
selves there, 188; conquer Scotland, etc.,
190; ravage Ireland, 191; infest the
coast of the Baltic, ib.; establish them-
selves in Russia, 192; attack Constanti-
nople, 192; their fondness for feasting,
195; customs at their festival, 196; their
ideas of love, 198; equality between the
two sexes, 199; numerous prophetesses
amongst them, 200; character of their
marriages, 201; time of marriage, 202:
ceremonies of, 203; chastity of their
women, 204; laws respecting it, 25;
education of their children, 207; their
prodigious strength, ib.; funeral cere
monies, 208; burying places, 209; their
barrows, 210; classification of their
weapons, utensils, etc., 211; funerals of
their heroes, 213; their conterapt for
the arts, 215; their buildings, 217; their
commerce, ib.; their study of astronomy,
219; their calendars, 220; their Runic
stones, 221; their ignorance of writing,
222; Runic characters, 223; signification
of Runic letters, 229; priority of their
poetic compositions, 233; verse their me
dium of knowledge, 234; their Skalds,
235; style of their poems, 237; their
character, 240; their domestic manners
and customs, 310; polygamy amongst
them, 312; stories of, 321. 339, 345; eri-
tical examination of their mythological
system, 464; compared with the Persian,
472;-see Iceland.

Scaurus defeated and put to death by the
Cimbri, 63.

Scott, Sir Walter, his abstract of the Eyr-
byggja-Saga, 517.

Scythian, vagueness of the term, note, 55.
Shetland Isles, mortgage of, 191.
Shields of the Scandinavians, 166.
Ships;-see Fleet.

Sicilian towns besieged by Harald Har-
dádra, 169.
Sigtuna, city of, 81.

Sigurd, son of Jarl Viseti, marries Strut
Harald's daughter, 141; joins the Joms-
burgh sea-rovers, ib.

Sigvald, son of Jarl Strut Harald, admit-
ted amongst the Jomsburgh sea-rovers,
141; his cattle forage in Bornholm, ;
succeeds Palnatoki, 142; story of his
marriage with the daughter of Borislav,
ib.; visits King Svend, 143: his expe-
dition against Norway, 144; defeated,
but escapes, 145; jeered by his wife, 157.
Silanus, consul, defeated by the Cimbri, 63.
Skad:, daughter of Thjassi, story of her
marriage with Njörd, 418. 461.
Skalds generally Icelanders, 75; credence
to be attached to them, 77; their pre-
tended powers, 118; their celebration of