with extraordinary strictness. A college with more than a thousand students is exceedingly costly to conduct, and while the fame of Sibley College continues to attract increasing numbers of students it is greatly to be desired that endowments might be forthcoming to enable the institution to maintain its high standard of work and enhance the reputation it already enjoys.

The Director and Faculty are doing their part of the work with fidelity, ability and success. Improvements of one kind and another are being constantly made. The new course on the principles of manufacturing has proved useful and fruitful. Next year there is to be a better correlation of pattern-making with foundry work, and a consequent transference of the former subject to the second year accompanied by a removal of foundry and forge work from the second to the first. The association of drawing with machine design and the concentration during the first three years of the course of all the necessary fundamental training in these subjects is now complete; and the undergraduate in his fourth year is left free to elect more advanced work in design from among a number of special lines of work, as, for example, the design of steam turbines or of reciprocating steam engines or of railway rolling stock or of ships or of objects and appliances in the field of electrical engineering or other divisions of the subject. The new junior course in electrical laboratory work, given last year for the first time, has proved a very valuable addition to the Engineering curriculum. The facilities of the laboratory of experimental engineering have been notably increased, and in this connection the generosity of the York Manufacturing Company and the Babcock and Wilcox Company is acknowledged with grateful appreciation.

The present needs of Sibley College are presented by the Director so forcibly that it seems best to quote his language:

"Sibley College today has two pressing needs requiring considerable expenditure. First, is the need for a new building for housing the machine shop and the wood shop. In the present location, which is necessarily temporary, there is naturally a good deal of hesitation about installing machines or systems with an idea of permanence. This, however, is not the most important thing connected with the providing of a new shop building. Vacating the present building would render space available for the expansion of the experimental laboratory which is now the only crowded department of Sibley College. A shop building for the accommodation of the machine shop and the wood shop, of fireproof construction and with all necessary modern improvements, could be built and the transfer of apparatus could be made in addition for a sum not exceeding $50,000.

The second need is for an annual appropriation for research. It is believed that it is very desirable for a technical school to have research work constantly under way because, first, it is thus doing its part in the making of additions to the data of engineering; secondly, because a laboratory of research is a most stimulating influence both to students and teachers. At the University of Wisconsin an annual income of $5,000 is available for equipment in purely mechanical engineering work. At the University of Illinois a laboratory of experimental research has been established and is maintained by the state. If an annual income for this purpose of $5,000 could be made available it would be possible, with our present equipment, to produce results that would be of great advantage to the engineering world and to Sibley College."

(10) The Summer Session. The Summer Session of 1908, in spite of the fact that Sage College and Cottage (where hundreds of summer students formerly lived) were closed for repairs, was the largest in the history of the University, and all members of the Faculty join in the most emphatic testimony as to the high quality of work done. The instruction was given by fourteen professors, twenty-five assistant professors, twenty-two instructors, and seventeen assistants, thirty of the thirty-nine teachers of professorial rank being members of the Faculty of Cornell University. To the loyal, eager, devoted and skillful labors of the gentlemen of the teaching staff Director Bristol attributes the marked success of the Session.

The number of students enrolled in the Summer Session was 841. In 1907 there were 715, in 1906 there were 642,

and in 1905 there were 619. At this rate of increase the 1,000-mark will be reached in the next two or three years. Of the 841 students 173 held first degrees and twenty-six higher degrees. It is an encouraging circumstance that the number of graduates attending the Session is rapidly increasing; there were 130 in 1905 and in 1908 there were 199. Beside these 199 graduates there were enrolled 372 present undergraduates of Cornell and 107 former students, but not graduates, of other colleges. The Cornell undergraduates in 1907 numbered 288, and the Director reports that the rise of the figures to 372 in 1908 is due, not to any increase in the number of men who are making up deficiencies in work, but to a laudable desire on the part of undergraduates to avail themselves of the advantage of summer courses recently added to the curriculum. The number of teachers enrolled was 294, of whom thirty-two were engaged in teaching in colleges, twelve in normal schools, 147 in high schools, eighty-two in grammar or elementary schools, and eight in private schools, while thirteen were performing functions in the field of superintendence or supervision. These figures show, in comparison with last year's, a marked diminution in the number of teachers from elementary schools and an increase in the number of teachers from colleges and high schools, an indication that the work is appealing more and more to the strongest and most ambitious teachers in the higher grades of educational work. Along with this change--and as a part of it-there has been an increase in the number of men. The attendance also increased of persons classed formerly neither as students nor as teachers.

The Summer Session was intended originally for teachers. The curriculum, however, already embraces subjects far beyond the limits of the high school curriculum, as, for example, descriptive geometry, mechanics, machine

design and reinforced concrete arch; and the Director is of the opinion that more subjects of this sort should be added to the programme. At the same time there is a demand for more advanced courses in the Arts and Sciences which might be taken by candidates for an advanced degree, but this matter must await the decision of the Faculty on the more pressing question of the acceptance of summer work in satisfaction of the requirements for advanced degrees, and especially the A.M., which is tending to become a pedagogic degree.

Mr. Arthur D. Dean, who was in charge of manual training in the Summer Session, has been appointed chief of the division of industrial education in the New York State Department of Education. He has done most successful work in organizing manual training as a part of the work of the Summer Session.

(11) Sage College. Most of the women of the University reside in Sage College, Sage Cottage, Alumnæ House and in two other houses specially reserved for the purpose. About ten seniors or older students roomed in Cascadilla building; and the rest lived either at home or with friends or in places approved by the Warden. Women in all houses now being under the jurisdiction of the Warden, the old distinctions between women in Sage and women in other houses are rapidly disappearing. And the women are organizing a self-governing association, with a general committee composed of representatives of all the houses to deal with important matters concerning all alike, and special house committees to settle the minor questions arising in their own houses severally.

Sage College and Sage Cottage are the property of the University. A system of automatic fire alarms and thermostats was installed during the year, and a night watchman appointed in September to patrol the corridors,

so that, as the Warden reports, "protection against fire would now seem to be complete."

The great event of the year, however, was the alteration and radical improvement made in the interior of Sage College during the past summer. Hardwood floors were placed in all parts of the building, all hallways were refinished and fitted with steel ceilings, steel ceilings were also placed in all rooms where the plaster was loose, and all bedrooms and studies were recalcimined and all woodwork painted or varnished. The plumbing, too, was entirely overhauled and brought up to date, while additional toilet rooms were placed on the third floor and in the basement, and all toilet rooms (with the exception of one small one) were furnished with stationary hand wash basins. A new Worthington water-tube boiler was installed in the basement for supplying power to the kitchen and laundry, and also a new hot water boiler to supply the bath-rooms in the south and west wings.

Alterations in the building proper consisted of the conversion of two rooms on the first floor near the main entrance into waiting and reception halls, connected with each other and with the main halls by large archways, and the removal of the old porch dining room, which was replaced by a new dining room, double the size, connected with the main dining room by doorways cut through the old window spaces. The kitchen was entirely overhauled and by the removal of the dishwashing machinery to an addition built for that purpose, in which there were also provided additional servants' rooms, was so enlarged as to make possible separate meat and pastry kitchens, while considerable new equipment was installed looking to both convenience and efficiency, notably a large and thoroughly modern sanitary meat cold storage box, the gift of Trustee Boldt, through which have been passed water coils supplying the drinking