poor weak man! seems a victim which the revenge that his heart bears in his bosom, dispirits every night. Let ancient mountains howl from the deepest recesses of their caverns; let the earth open; stand thou close to the opened abyss. Man! thou art more than the beast that flies affrighted! Thy life, conscious of its strength, glows inextinguishable in thy breast! Let violence crush to pieces the fabric which envelops the real man. Thou must not beed violence when animated by the sentiment of duty. The murdering steel reddens only to kill the body, nothing but the body. The weak fabric only breaks; but the mind, thy strength breaks not. Take courage to step confiding wherever danger threatens the dust. To fall with the sentiment of doing one's duty: heavens, what a beautiful death! The body alone returns to dust; man's body is destroyed like the leaf of the summer arbour which crumbles to dust. Even here thy looks are turned to the sacred sun of truth, to the native land of virtue, to the high delights of love. Truth, virtue, and love, dwell where, to reward duty faithfully performed, the Almighty built his paradise free from clouds. Let the storms of life be raging; let violence threaten; a voice calls from above-Man, thou shalt be the conqueror. Ah! when the dust is crumbled to dust, our soul, which lives for ever, wings itself to yon halls, like the eagle that proudly soars on high.

The adj.

393. der unsterbliche, masc. the immortal. unsterblich, used as a substantive, sec. 139. Here it embraces the whole species of human beings. In English it requires the addition of the word man. We owe the advantage of converting adjectives into substantives to our distinct articles definite for the three genders. We may say, der geitzige, the avaricious man; der zerstreute, the absent man; der wunderliche, the odd fellow; der gelehrte, the learned man. But with the article ein we are obliged to mark the gender in the adjective, because ein is likewise the indefinite article for the neuter. We say,

ein geitziger, ein gelehrter.

394. toben, reg. neut. to rage, to fret, to be in a fury, to make a boisterous noise: it is conjugated with haben. Wüthen, reg. neut. also signifies to rage with anger; but toben denotes a raging attended with a boisterous noise, and may be produced by an excess of joy, or attendant on a diversion. Schiller calls the chase, die tobende Jagd; and he says respecting children :—

"Gönne den Knaben zu spielen, in wilder Begierde zu toben, Nur die gesättigte Kraft kehret zur Anmuth zurück.”

"Allow the boys to play, to be boisterous in their wild

:

freaks it is satiated strength only which settles in gracefulness."

395. sausen, reg. neut. (with haben,) to whistle, to make a hissing noise, like the wind that blows violently. Whenever it denotes motion attended with a hissing noise, it is conjugated with seyn. Er ist herein gesauset, he rushed in. Säuseln is the diminutive of sausen. Luther translated Gospel of St. John, iii. 8:

"Der Wind bläset wo er will, und du hörest sein Sausen wohl."

66

The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof."

396. der Blitz, es, e, pl. die Blitze, (masc. like all the words in itz, except das Antlitz, sec. 382,) the lightning. ein Blitzstrahl, masc. a flash of lightning; ein Blitzableiter, masc. a conductor,

397. herstürzen, reg. sep. comp. neut. verb, from her, hither, this way, and stürzen, sec. 181, to fall suddenly and violently towards the speaker or agent. ich stürze her, ich stürzte her, ich bin hergestürzt. The English "to

start" springs from the same root.

398. von oben, from above. Oben, adv. of place, above; unten, below,

399. der Löwe, en, pl. die Löwen, masc. the lion. Poets frequently call him der Leu or Leue. The female is die Löwinn.

400. sich flüchten, refl. reg. verb, to flee, to remove quickly to another place for safety. flüchten itself is either neuter, and then it is conj. with seyn; or active, and then it is conj. with haben. Sie ist bey der Annäherung des Feindes geflüchtet, und er hat alle seine Sachen in die Festung geflüchtet, she fled as the enemy approached, and he took all his things to the fort for safety.

401. niederschlagen, an irr. sep. comp. verb, to knock down, to cast down, to dishearten, to depress, to deject, to dispirit. ich schlage nieder, ich schlug nieder, ich habe niedergeschlagen. Nieder, down, denotes motion downwards, without marking the direction. This is denoted by herunter and hinunter, or hinab and herab joined to the verb. When niederschlagen is neuter, and signifies to fall down, it is conjugated with seyn. eine Bombe neben ihm auf die Strasse niedergeschlagen, a

es ist

bomb fell close to him in the street. meine Schwester hat die Augen niedergeschlagen, my sister cast down her

eyes.

402. bejahrt, adj. loaded with years, old, aged. ein bejahrter Mann, an old man.

403. heulen, reg. neut. and act. verb, to howl, to whine. Wer unter den Wölfen ist muss mitheulen, whoever is among wolves must howl as they do: exactly the French proverb, il faut hurler avec les loups; when we are at Rome, we must do as they do at Rome.

404. dicht, adj. and adv. close; dicht neben uns, close by us. offen, adj. open. ein offener Ort, an open town, that is not fortified; einen offenen Laden haben, to keep a retail shop; ein offener Kopf, a clever man. The preposition auf also denotes open, in combination with several verbs, in which case offen cannot be substituted in its place. You must say, machen Sie die Thür auf, not offen, open the door. Sein Haus steht immer auf, his house is always open; but if it be meant figuratively for, he keeps open house, people are always welcome at his house, then you must say, sein Haus steht jedem zu jeder Zeit offen. The reason why offen is so generally used instead of auf, is probably because auf also signifies "up;" but die Thüre steht auf, cannot possibly be mistaken for "the door gets up" it is evident that auf here means open."

66

405. der Schlund, es, e, pl. die Schlünde, masc. the throat, the abyss, the crater. der Höllenschlund, the jaws of hell; aus dem Schlunde des Vesuvs stiegen Rauch und Flammen in die Höhe, smoke and flames ascended from the crater of Vesuvius. All German words in und are masc. except das Pfund, the pound, and das Bund, the bunch, which are neuter.

406. schüchtern, adj. shy, timorous. fliehen, sec. 5. glühen, sec. 148. die Stärke, fem. strength, force, might; bewusst, adj. conscious, notorious, manifest; ich bin mir keiner bösen Absicht bewusst, I am not conscious of any bad intention. unauslöschbar, or unauslöschlich, adj. inextinguishable, that cannot be extinguished.

407. die Brust, pl. die Brüste, fem. the breast. Sich in die Brust werfen, to hold one's-self up, to strut.

408. die Gewalt, pl. die Gewalten, fem. power, might, violence. die höchste Gewalt, sovereign power; aus voller

Gewalt, with all one's might; mit aller Gewalt, by all means, absolutely.

409. der Bau, es, pl. die Baue, but more commonly die Bauten, building, structure, fabric, edifice, cultivation; der Feld or Ackerbau, agriculture; Gartenbau, horticulture. Der Bau des menschlichen Körpers, the fabric of the human body.

410. zertrümmern, reg. insep. comp. verb neut. made of the insep. particle zer, sec. 328, and Trümmer, sec. 207. to crumble into ruins; ich zertrümmere, ich zertrümmerte, ich bin zertrümmert; but actively to crush to ruins, it is conjugated with haben. Kümmern, reg. neut. verb, to give concern, to give pain; das kümmert mich nicht, that gives me no concern, refl. to be grieved. ich kümmere mich sehr darüber, I am much grieved at it.

411. das Gefühl, es, e, pl. die Gefühle, neut. sentiment, feeling. Das sittliche Gefühl, moral sentiment. Eberhard says:

"Das sittliche Gefühl soll nicht in letzter Instanz entscheiden was recht und unrecht, sittlich gut und sittlich böse sey; es soll uns bewegen das erstere zu wählen und das letztere zu verwerfen."

412. die Pflicht, pl. die Pflichten, fem. duty, obligation. 413. füllen, reg. act. verb, to fill, to replenish.

414. der Leib, es, e, pl. die Leiber, masc. the body; die Leibgarde, fem. the body-guards; der Leibarzt des Königs, the king's physician; and all the tradesmen who style themselves the king's are called in German der Leibschneider, the king's tailor: der Leibschuster, the king's shoemaker; die Leibwäscherinn, the king's washerwoman; der Leibwundarzt, the king's surgeon.

415. tödten, reg. act. verb, to slay. Du sollst nicht tödten, thou shalt not kill.

"Spieler tödten die Zeit, damit die Zeit sie nicht tödte."

"Gamblers kill time, that time may not kill them."

416. der Mord, es, pl. die Morde, masc. homicide; ein Meuchelmord, a felonious killing, murder; ein Selbst mord, suicide; Vatermord, patricide; Brudermord, fratricide; der Todtschlag, manslaughter.

417. der Stahl, es, e, pl. die stähle, steel, All the

I

words in ahl are masc. except die Wahl, choice: die Zahl, number, which are fem. and das Mahl, the meal; das Thal, the valley, the dale, which are neut.

418. getrost, adj. comforted, courageous, confident. Der Kranke wird wieder getrost wenn die Gefahr der Krankheit vorüber ist, the patient takes comfort again when the danger of the disease is over.

419. wallen, reg. neut. verb to move, to walk, to wander; it properly denotes the motion of the waves. Luther translates Psalm xlvi. 3, Wenn gleich das Meer wüthete und von seinem Ungestüm die Berge einfielen, "Though the waters thereof roar and be troubled, though the mountains shake with the swelling thereof." We say wallen of standing corn, agitated by the wind, das Korn wallet, and of the moving of a multitude: hence it applies to pilgrim processions, Psalm xlii. 4, Ich wollte gern hingehen mit dem Haufen, und mit ihnen wallen zum Hause Gottes, "I had gone with pleasure with the multitude, and gone with them to the house of God." Ein Waller, masc. a pilgrim; eine Wallfahrt, a pilgrimage. 420. der Staub, es, masc. dust; Kohlenstaub, coaldust; sich aus dem Staube machen, to take to flight, to run away.

ich

421. ergrauen, reg. neut. verb, to grow grey, to grow old, to begin to dawn, to be seized with horror. ergraue, ich ergrauete, ich bin ergrauet.

422. bedräuen, a poetical expression instead of bedrohen, reg. act. insep. comp. to threaten, to menace; it is formed of the insep. part. be, and drohen, to threaten. der Sieger, ers, pl. die Sieger, masc. the conqueror; anciently der Siegmann.

423. schweben, reg. neut. verb, to float, to move, to flutter. Deut. xxxii. 2, der Adler schwebte über seine Jungen, "the eagle fluttereth over her young." Gen. i. 2, der Geist Gottes schwebte auf den Wassern, "the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters."

424. To vary as much as possible the poetical pieces which we recommend to our readers as proper to be learnt by heart, we select a few lines of J. H. Voss's celebrated Idyll Louisa, remarkable for its faithful delineation of the