terminology used in documents and the probable meaning of their clauses: the inductive side of investigation is far more prominent than the deductive. It may be doubted whether Mitteis does not go too far in this direction of selfimposed precautions. It seems, for instance, that he is hardly justified in refusing to follow Wilcken's view that, as a rule, Ptolemaic sale of land is constituted by the correspondence of two transactions a contract to sell (ový) and a cession of possession (anootάaior). The fact, acknowledged by Mitteis, that there is not a single known instance during the Ptolemaic period of the conjunction in one deed of sale and cession, can hardly be explained on any other assumption than that of the dualism of the two elements of sale, which certainly corresponds to ancient Egyptian practice, but which does not seem at all to have been restricted in the age of the Ptolemies to intercourse between Egyptians. If in the treatment of such questions, Mitteis perhaps errs to some extent in the direction of cautious self-restraint, the more impressive are his conclusions when he endorses the existence of far-reaching and characteristic peculiarities of Hellenic law. A case in point is presented by the observation that Graeco-Egyptian deeds of sale do not convey property but only better right, a juridical notion derived from possession as protected by the έлidizacia procedure of the classical Greek period, and akin to the Gewere of Germanic and the ius merum of English mediaeval law. The παραχώρησις of Ptolemaic κάτοικοι acquires special interest in this connection, because it lays stress not on the transfer of dominium, which the zározoi could not claim, but on the cession of personal rights from one occupant of the soil to another, with eventual guarantee against third persons. Considered in this light, the incidents of the sale of land in Ptolemaic Egypt come to illustrate the doctrine which was so strikingly expounded by Gradenwitz in his analysis of the sale of goods (Einführung in die Papyruskunde, 52–54).

Another conclusive observation of Mitteis bears on the curious evolution of types in the history of deeds of sale in the time of the Romans: there is a kind of struggle for existence between the Roman form of mancipatio and Greek types of literal contract, and the latter survive as the fittest in the circumstances of the case. Even before the grant of citizenship by Caracalla, the Romans established in Egypt begin to avail themselves of Greek forms of sale in their dealings with representatives of the native population, and after the Constitutio Antonina these Greek forms remain in possession of the field in spite of the apparent triumph of the Roman political idea. Mitteis expresses the result in figurative language: the Roman elements, as he puts it, have paled by this time: they have not the strength to leave their impression on the transactions of the age. This means, at bottom, that the population included within the sphere of Roman citizenship followed the grooves of established custom and continued to transact business in the Hellenistic way instead of adapting itself to new juridical expedients.

In his discussion of the contract of sale, as well as in his treatment of registration, Mitteis has to touch on the perplexing problems of private property in land in Ptolemaic Egypt. The references to yn idiotizń are so rare in the documents of the period that Wilcken and Rostowzew have come to the conclusion that private property in land in the sense known to us and to the Romans was exceptional in its origin and diffusion, and that the real owner of the soil was the Pharaoh, who held the land either directly as Crown estate (yī Basikizh), or through the hands of hereditary tenants (zározo). Mitteis

does not concede so much to his more adventurous fellow-workers, but a great deal of what he does admit points the same way, and we are bound to recognize the distribution and types of property as different in any case from the wellknown forms it assumed in Greece, in Rome, or in the modern world (cf. p. 172). The tenant right of the zározoi especially was certainly conditioned by very substantial claims on the part of the Crown, and the admission that it was not a dominium optimo iure shows that parallels to it have to be sought in the ius agri vectigalis rather than in the category of property.

The section dealing with leases is short and insufficient. Mitteis justifies such a treatment by the remark that the evidence of papyri in this respect is more important from an economic than from a juridical point of view; but this consideration does not seem adequate in the case in question. Even on the strength of the monograph of Waszynski one might gather a good deal of additional information on legal points: and we are permitted to suppose that Mitteis does not care to treat of these matters at length, because so much would have to be a repetition of what the above-named authors, as well as Wilcken, Grenfell, Hunt, de Zulueta and others have already said. I may mention as points left on one side, in spite of their importance, the contrast between the juridical treatment of public land and of private plots, the solidarity between neighbours in regard to the payment of taxes, the problems arising in the case of leases complicated by loans of stock, the relation of the contract of lease to that of sale, the repartition of risks in case of unforeseen losses1).

The sections bearing on the law of families, marriage and succession, suffer from a different drawback, namely from the tendency to neutralise, as it were, the sharp outlines ascribed by other investigators to peculiar Egyptian institutions. Révillout has sketched with a bold hand the „unwritten“ marriage practised in Egypt according to ancient vernacular custom, and its reception by the Greeks in the time of the Ptolemies. Spiegelberg and others had treated of this form of union as forming a „marriage on trial". Mitteis does not deny the existence of a marriage of lesser kind („Minderehe“), but denies that it was juridically a tentative experiment, destined to pave the way towards a permanent union. He sees the essence of the contract in the alimentation guaranteed by the husband to his consort, and does not attach importance to the pointed contrast between γάμος ἔγγραφος and γάμος ἄγραφος. I cannot help thinking that de Ruggiero's outspoken opposition to such a treatment of a very characteristic institution is by no means futile: on the contrary, it carries conviction in so far, at any rate, as the presence or absence of a written marriage contract implies a wide difference in the juridical conception of the two forms of union. The fact that the yάuos aypapos is sometimes noticed in papyri does not imply that the conclusion of the marriage was effected by written contract: whatever circumstances may be touched upon in such cases, the marriage itself is devoid of corroboration by a written contract, and this cannot fail to produce legal consequences. In the same way, the treatment of the zipios question in connection with the position of Egyptian women, as well as of the remarkably advantageous position of the latter in regard to property and divorce, seems curiously slight and casual. Quite apart from wide problems of mother-right, the matter certainly required a more attentive and detailed treatment.

1) Some fifteen lines only are devoted to this important subject in the Grundzüge (p. 198).

In spite of occasional protests and strictures, against which works planned on such a grand scale as the Grundzüge are, of course, least safeguarded, the book which we have been discussing is sure to hold the field for many years as the principal Vade Mecum of all those who wish to obtain a survey of the ground reclaimed by the indefatigable labours of modern papyrus explorers. Paul Vinograd off.

Note on Ηρώδου περὶ πολιτείας.

I regret that in my recent note in Klio on Herodes Atticus (?) ɛgì xożurɛiag I made in error the statement that the comparison of στάσις and πόλεμος and ɛiohrn (§ 11) seems to be original and answered in Aristides I, 830. It is of course borrowed from Herodotus VIII, 3, whence it was taken by Herodes and Aristides. It was also taken by Choricius p. 30 Boissonade whence I first found my mistake. The parallels are not noted by the commentators on the authors concerned: except that from Choricius by the commentators on Herodotus. It does not alter my opinion of the merits of the work. May I add that the title is in part perhaps, explained by Demosthenes Olynth. I, 5 (compare Choricius p. 207, 235), and that the aides of § 33 should be the tyrant's sons as Reiske thought, since these figure so largely in the declamations (cf. Choric. p. 205 sqq.). A. D. Knox.

Zur Epigraphik.

1. Eine neue Zeitschrift.

Seit dem 1. Januar 1913 erscheint als Erbin der im Januar 1878 von Auguste Allmer gegründeten Revue épigraphique du Midi de la France unter der bewährten Leitung von Émile Espérandieu und Adolphe Reinach eine Revue épigraphique (Paris, E. Leroux). Die neue Zeitschrift steckt ihre Ziele viel weiter als die alte, die der Lokalepigraphik von Gallien gewidmet war. Sie will die gesamte griechische und lateinische Epigraphik des Altertums in den Bereich ihrer Tätigkeit ziehen und auch umfassende jährliche Berichte über Neufunde und neue Publikationen bringen. A. Reinach beginnt in der ersten Lieferung mit einem Bulletin annual d'épigraphie grecque (1910-1912), wie er sie seither in der Revue des études grecques gegeben hatte. Die Redaktion sucht ähnlich wie Klio ihre Mitarbeiter auch außerhalb des eigenen Landes. Wir begleiten das neue Unternehmen mit den besten Wünschen.

2. Neue Hilfsmittel für den epigraphischen Unterricht. Das Jahr 1912 hat zwei Werke gebracht, die dem akademischen Unterricht in der Epigraphik zu dienen bestimmt sind. E. Diehls, Inscriptiones latinae (= Tabulae in usum scholarum editae sub cura Johannis Lietzmann 4), Bonn, Marcus und Weber stehen leider, was sowohl die Zusammenstellung wie die Reproduktionen und den begleitenden Text des Herausgebers betrifft, nicht auf der Höhe. Dagegen besitzen wir seit kurzem in den Simulacra zu Bruns, Fontes iuris Romanis, 7. Aufl. (Additamentum II hrsgeg. von Otto Gradenwitz), Tübingen, F. C. B. Mohr, 1912, ein ganz hervorragendes Hilfsmittel für den epigraphischen Seminarbetrieb. Hier ist für den billigen Preis von nur 6 M. etwas Mustergültiges geschaffen, das weiteste Verbreitung auch unter unseren Studenten verdient. E. K.

Eingegangene Schriften.

Eventuelle Besprechung im einzelnen oder in zusammenhängenden, größere Gebiete und Zeiträume umfassenden Berichten vorbehalten. (Vgl. Klio VI, 334 ff., VII, 457 ff., X, 395 ff., XII, 126 ff.)

Actes du XVIe Congrès international des orientalistes. Session d'Athènes 1912. Athènes 1912, Imprim. „Hestia".

Wolf Aly: Hesiods Theogonie. Heidelberg, Carl Winter, Einl. I-XXIV, Text1-69. W. Andrae: Die Festungswerke von Assur. Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1913. Kl.-Fol. Textband: VIII, 180 S. (302 Abb. im Text und auf 110 Blättern.) Tafelband: 67 Photolith. u. 41 Lichtdrucktafeln. (23. Wiss. Veröff. d. Deutsch. Or.-Ges.) 135 M.

Die Stelenreihen in Assur. Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1913. Kl.-Fol. Mit 203 Abb. im Text u. auf 24 Blättern, sowie mit 5 photolithogr. u. 16 Lichtdrucktafeln. (24. Wiss. Veröff. der Deutsch. Or.-Ges.)

Gustav Anrich: Hagios Nikolaos. Der heilige Nikolaos in der Griechischen Kirche. Bd. I: Die Texte. Leipzig, Teubner. 8o. 464 S. geb. 20 M.

A. S. Arvanitopullos: Περιγραφὴ τῶν γραπτών στηλών Παγασών τοῦ ̓Αθανα σακείου Μουσείου Βόλου. (Θεσσαλικά Μνημεία Ι.) Athen 1909. 463 S.

Ein Thessalischer Gold- und Silberfund. Athen. Mitteilungen, 1912.
S. 73118. Tafel II-VII.

Susan Helen Ballou: De clausulis a Flavio Vopisco Syracusio scriptore
Historiae Augustae adhibitis. Gießener Diss. Weimar 1912. 8o. 106 S.
W. v. Bartels: Die etruskische Bronzeleber von Piacenza in ihren Beziehungen
zu den acht Kwa der Chinesen. Berlin, Julius Springer, 1912. 8o. 274 S.
Mit 3 Abb. 6 M.

F. Baumgarten, F. Poland, R. Wagner: Die hellenische Kultur. LeipzigBerlin, Teubner. Dritte, stark vermehrte Aufl. 1913. 8o. 576 S. Mit 479 Abbildungen im Text, 9 bunten, 4 einfarbigen Tafeln, einem Plan und

einer Karte.

Die hellenistisch - römische Kultur. Leipzig-Berlin, Teubner, 1913. 8o. 674 S. Mit 440 Abb. im Text, 5 bunten, 6 einfarbigen Tafeln, 4 Karten u. Plänen. M. Besnier: Récents travaux sur les res gestae Augusti. In Mélanges Cagnat, Paris 1912. S. 119–151.

Erhard Biedermann: Studien zur ägyptischen Verwaltungsgeschichte in ptol.-röm. Zeit. Berl. Diss. 1913. 50 S. Die ganze Abhandlung wird noch im Laufe von 1913 im Verlage der Weidmannschen Buchhandlung, Berlin, erscheinen.

E. E. Briess: Le prétendu Ilouratos Ergarnyós. Revue des Etudes Grecques. Bd. XXVI, 1913. S. 47-52.

Zu den Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes III, I, Nr. 35.
Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift 1913, Nr. 6.

René Cagnat: L'armée Romaine d'Afrique et l'occupation militaire de l'Afrique sous les empereurs. 2. Aufl. Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1912. 4°. 802 S.

G. Miller Calhoun: Athenian Clubs in politics and litigation, Bulletin of the university of Texas Nr. 262, Num. Ser. Nr. 14, 8. Jan. 1913, Austin Texas. 8. 172 S.

Giuseppe Cardinali: Studi Graccani. Rom, Loescher & Co., 1912. 8°. 212 S. Aus „Scientia“ vol. XIII u. XIV. (7. Jahrg. 1913) Bologna, Zanichelli, 1913. Gr. 8°. 39 S.

La primauté de Rome.

Nr. XXIX, 3 u. XXX, 4.

Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the John Rylands library Manchester, vol. I, Literary Texts (Nr. 1-61) ed. by A. S. Hunt. Manchester u. London 1911.. Fol. 202 S. u. 10 Tafeln.

E. Cavaignac: Comment fut votée la première guerre Punique. Revue des Études historiques. Bd. XXVI, 1913. S. 1–6.

Le principe de la répartition des centuries. Journal des Savants. Nouvelle Série. 11 Année 1913. S. 145–192. (Besprechung von A. Rosenberg, Untersuchungen zur römischen Zenturienverfassung [Berlin, Weidmann 1911]). Albert T. Clay: Babylonian Business Transactions of the First Millennium B. C. (Babylonian Records in the Library of J. Pierpont Morgan Part. I.) New York, Privately printed, 1912. 4o. 49 S., plates 1-50 (Autographien), plates I-IV (Lichtdrucke).

Personal Names from Cuneiform Inscriptions of the Cassite Period.
New Haven, Yale University Press, 1912. 8o. 208 S.

D. Cohen: De magistratibus Aegyptiis externas Lagidarum regni provincias administrantibus. Haag, L. Levisson. Gr. 8°. 115 S.

Giovanni Costa: I fasti consolari Romani I, 1 u. I, 2. Milano 1910. 8o. 546 S. und 150 S.

Vincenzo Costanzi: Tradizioni Cirenaiche. Ausonia. Bd. VI, 1911. S. 27-38.
Franz Cramer: Deutschland in römischer Zeit. Göschen. 1912. 168S. 23 Abb. 0,90 M.
Emil Daniels: Das Kriegswesen der Neuzeit. Dritter Teil. Geschichte des
Kriegswesens V. Göschen 1912. 152 S. 0,80 M.

Das Kriegswesen der Neuzeit. Vierter Teil. Geschichte des Kriegswesens
VI. Göschen 1913. 139 S. 0,90 M.

Hermann Dannenberg: Grundzüge der Münzkunde. 3. Aufl. von F. Friedensburg. Webers Handbücher 131, Leipzig 1912. 334 S. u. 11 Taf.

Theodor Ebert: Zur Frage nach der Beendigung des Herodotëischen Geschichtswerkes in besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ασσύριοι λόγοι. Diss. Kiel. Berlin, G. Puschhardt, 1911. 8°. 44 S.

Otto Ehrlich: Wie ist Geschichte als Wissenschaft möglich? Kritische Studie über Comte, Marx, Rickert, Stammler, Simmel, Bernheim, W. Freitag, Ed. Meyer, Gumplowicz, Lamprecht, Breysig u. a. Berlin, Dr. Basch & Co. 98 S. 1,60 M.

Euripides Medea mit Scholien von Ernst Diehl. Bonn, Marcus u. Weber, 1911. 8o. 116 S. 2,60 (geb. 3,00) M. Kleine Texte für Vorlesungen und Übungen, herausgegeben von Hans Lietzmann.

Wilhelm Fietze: Redende Abzeichen auf antiken Münzen. Journal inter

national d'Archéologie numismatique. Bd. XV, 1913. S. 11-32.

D. Fimmen: Die Besiedlung Boötiens in frühgriechischer Zeit. SA. aus Ilbergs Neuen Jahrbüchern f. d. Klass. Altert. 1912, S. 521 ff.

Kurt Fitzler: Steinbrüche und Bergwerke im ptolemäischen und römischen Ägypten. Leipzig, Quelle & Meyer, 1910. 159 S.

Hans Fohl: Tragische Kunst bei Herodot. Rostocker Diss. Borna-Leipzig, Noske, 1913. 8. 84 S.

L. Franchet: Céramique Primitive, Introduction à l'Étude de la Technologie. Paris, Geuthner, 1911. 160 S.

G. Foucart: Histoire des religions et méthode comparative. Paris 1912. 8o. CLXII, 450 S. Picard.

Guil. Friedrich: De Senecae libro qui inscribitur de constantia sapientis. Gieß. Diss. Darmstadt 1909. 8o. 128 S.