An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics: Principles and ApplicationsSpringer Science & Business Media, 2002 - 347 หน้า Presented in a clear and concise way as an introductory text and practical handbook, the book provides the basic physical phenomena governing underwater acoustical waves, propagation, reflection, target backscattering and noise. It covers the general features of sonar systems, transducers and arrays, signal processing and performance evaluation. It provides an overview of today's applications, presenting the working principles of the various systems. From the reviews: "Presented in a clear and concise way as an introductory text and practical handbook, the book provides the basic physical phenomena governing underwater acoustical waves, propagation, reflection, target backscattering and noise. ⦠It provides an overview of todayâs applications, presenting the working principles of the various systems." (Oceanis, Vol. 27 (3-4), 2003) "This book is a general survey of Underwater Acoustics, intended to make the subject âas easily accessible as possible, with a clear emphasis on applications.â In this the author has succeeded, with a wide variety of subjects presented with minimal derivation ⦠. There is an emphasis on technology and on intuitive physical explanation ⦠." (Darrell R. Jackson, Journal of the Acoustic Society of America, Vol. 115 (2), February, 2004) "This is an exciting new scientific publication. It is timely and welcome ⦠. Furthermore, it is up to date and readable. It is well researched, excellently published and ranks with earlier books in this discipline ⦠. Many persons in the marine science field including acousticians, hydrographers, oceanographers, fisheries scientists, engineers, educators, students ⦠and equipment manufacturers will benefit greatly by reading all or part of this text. The author is to be congratulated on his fine contribution ⦠." (Stephen B. MacPhee, International Hydrographic Review, Vol. 4 (2), 2003) |
เนื้อหา
The development of underwater acoustics | 1 |
112 Influence of the propagation medium | 2 |
113 Structure of sonar systems | 4 |
114 Signal processing | 5 |
122 World War II | 6 |
124 Civilian developments | 7 |
131 Military applications | 8 |
Underwater acoustic wave propagation | 11 |
523 Source level | 149 |
524 Near field and far field | 150 |
525 Maximum transmission level cavitation | 152 |
53 Transducer and array directivity | 154 |
532 Theoretical results for simple geometry antennas | 156 |
533 Combining directivity patterns | 159 |
534 Directivity of wideband signals | 160 |
535 Beamforming | 162 |
21 Acoustic waves | 12 |
212 Velocity and density | 13 |
214 The ware equation and its elementary solutions | 14 |
215 Intensity and power | 16 |
decibels and referennces | 17 |
222 Absolute references and levels | 18 |
231 Geometrical spreading losses | 19 |
233 Conventional propagation loss | 23 |
234 Effect from air bubbles | 24 |
24 Multiple Paths | 26 |
242 Seasurface interference | 27 |
243 An ideal model of multipath propagation | 28 |
244 Average energy flux in a waveguide | 31 |
245 General sound field prediction | 33 |
25 Other deformations of underwater acoustic signals | 34 |
252 Time characteristics of the echoes | 35 |
26 Sound velocity measurements | 36 |
262 Velocity models | 37 |
263 Sound velocity measurements | 39 |
27 Geometrical investigation of the acoustic field | 41 |
272 Sound ray calculations | 44 |
273 Losses from geometric spreading | 46 |
28 Underwater acoustic propagation case studies | 47 |
282 Isothermal profile | 48 |
283 Deep channel | 51 |
29 Wave calculations of the acoustic field | 54 |
291 Modal method | 55 |
292 Numerical solution of the ware equation | 59 |
Reflection backscattering and target strength | 61 |
31 Wave reflection on a plane interface | 62 |
312 Reflection on a layered medium | 68 |
32 Backscattering from a target | 69 |
322 Target strength | 71 |
33 Point targets | 73 |
332 Fluid spheres | 75 |
334 Target strength of fish | 77 |
335 Arbitrarily shaped target | 78 |
336 Submarine echoes | 79 |
342 Volume backscattering | 81 |
343 Surface backscattering | 83 |
35 Reflection and scattering by a rough surface | 85 |
352 Coherent reflection | 87 |
353 Backscattered field | 88 |
36 Reflection and scattering at ocean boundaries | 94 |
362 The seafloor | 95 |
Noise and signal fluctuations | 103 |
41 Narrowband and wideband noise | 104 |
42 Causes of underwater acoustic noise | 107 |
422 Shipradiated noise | 112 |
423 Selfnoise | 115 |
424 Interference and acoustic compatibility | 117 |
43 Two approaches to noise modelling | 118 |
432 Spatial structure of noise intensity | 120 |
44 Reverberation | 122 |
442 Rererberation modelling | 123 |
443 Consequences of reverberation | 124 |
45 Underwater acoustic noise reduction | 125 |
46 Environment variability and signal fluctuations | 127 |
462 Nature of signal fluctuations | 129 |
Transducers and array processing | 137 |
512 Underwater acoustic sources and hydrophones | 140 |
513 Hydrophones | 145 |
515 Transducer installation | 146 |
52 Transducer characteristics | 147 |
522 Sensitivity | 148 |
536 Array focusing | 170 |
537 Interferometry | 172 |
Signal processing principles and performance | 179 |
62 Preliminary notions | 180 |
622 Signaltonoise ratio | 187 |
63 Signal detection with passive sonars | 191 |
633 Narrowband detection performance | 192 |
634 Other operations in passire sonar processing | 193 |
64 Active sonar signals and processing | 194 |
642 Frequencymodulated pulse chirp | 197 |
643 Phasemodulated signals | 201 |
65 Structure of sonar receivers | 203 |
652 Timevarying gain | 204 |
653 Signal demodulation | 205 |
654 Adapted filtering | 206 |
66 Sonar system performance | 207 |
662 Note about the reception threshold | 208 |
663 Performance in detection | 209 |
664 Error probability in digital communications | 212 |
665 Parameter estimation errors | 213 |
The applications of underwater acoustics | 217 |
712 Echosounding | 218 |
713 Speed measurements | 219 |
714 Obstacle avoidance | 220 |
72 Military applications | 221 |
722 Active sonars | 225 |
73 Fisheries acoustics | 228 |
732 Other equipment onboard fishing vessels | 229 |
74 Marine geology and seafloor mapping | 232 |
742 Multibeam sounders | 234 |
743 Sediment profilers | 235 |
744 Marine seismics | 237 |
75 Physical oceanography | 239 |
752 Global acoustics | 241 |
753 Other physical oceanography applications | 242 |
761 Acoustic positioning | 243 |
762 Acoustic data transmission | 244 |
Underwater acoustic mapping systems | 247 |
82 Singlebeam sounders | 248 |
822 Performance and limits of singlebeam sounders | 252 |
83 Sidescan sonars | 259 |
832 Performance and limits of sidescan sonars | 264 |
833 Measuring bathymetry with a sidescan sonar | 266 |
84 Multibeam echo sounder structure | 268 |
842 Multibeam echo sounder structure | 269 |
843 Bathymetry measurements | 272 |
844 Sonar imaging with multibeam sounders | 276 |
845 Performance of multibeam sounders | 278 |
846 Examples of data collected by multibeam sounders | 282 |
852 Sediment profiler performance | 284 |
853 Echo formation and consequences | 285 |
86 Seabed identification and characterisation with sonars | 287 |
862 Singlebeam sounders | 289 |
863 Sidescan sonars | 290 |
865 Subbottom profilers | 292 |
Conclusion | 295 |
912 Reflection and backscattering | 296 |
913 Noise and fluctuations | 297 |
915 Signal processing | 298 |
92 Current trends and perspectives | 299 |
922 Underwater acoustics in perspective | 301 |
Appendices | 303 |
Bibliography | 331 |
341 | |