The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas

-How gods have become guardians of morality at large, p. 733 sq. - The
influence of the religious sanction of morality, p. 734 sq.- Religious devotion

frequently accompanied by great laxity of morals, pp: 735-737.-Greater

importance attached to ceremonies or the niceties of belief than to good

behaviour towards fellow men, p. 736 sq.- The religious sanction of moral

rules often leads to an external observance of these rules from purely selfish

motives, p. 737:— The moral influence of Christianity, ibid.

CHAPTER LIII

CONCLUSION

Recapitulation of the theory of the moral consciousness set forth in vol. I., pp.

738-741.—This theory supported by the fact that not only moral emotions

but non-moral retributive emotions are felt with reference to phenomena

are passed, p. 741.--As also by the circumstance that the very acts, for-

bearances, and omissions which are condemned as wrong are also apt to call

forth anger and revenge, and that the acts and forbearances which are praised

as morally good are apt to call forth gratitude, p. 741 sq.—The variations of the

moral ideas partly due to different external conditions, p. 742. — But chiefly

to psychical causes, pp. 742–746.-The duties to neighbours have gradually

becoine more expansive owing to the expansion of the altruistic sentiment,

p. 743 sq.-The influence of reflection upon moral judgments has been

increasing, p. 744 sq.—The influence of sentimental antipathies and likings has

been decreasing, ibid.—The influence which the belief in supernatural

forces or beings or in a future state has exercised upon the moral ideas of

mankind, p. 745 sq.-Remarks as to the future development of the moral

pp. 825-852

The right of property implies that a certain person or certain persons are recognised as having a right to the exclusive disposal of a certain thing. The owner is not necessarily allowed to do with his property whatever he likes ; but whether absolute or limited, his right to disposal is not shared by anybody else, save under very exceptional circumstances, as in the case of “ compulsion by necessity.” Property in a thing thus means not only that the owner of it is allowed, at least within certain limits, to use or deal with it at his discretion, but also that other persons are forbidden to prevent him from using or dealing with it in any manner he is entitled to.

The most common offence against property is illicit appropriation of other persons' belongings. Not the mere fact that individuals are in actual possession of certain objects, but the public disapproval of acts by which they are deprived of such possession, shows that they have proprietary rights over those objects. Hence the universal condemnation of what we call theft or robbery proves that the right of property exists

among

all races of men known to us.

1 Supra, i. 285 $49.

VOL. II

Travellers often accuse savages of thievishness.' But then their judgments are commonly based upon the treatment to which they have been subject themselves, and from this no conclusions must be drawn as regards intratribal morality. Nor can races who have had much to do with foreigners be taken as fair representatives of savage honesty, as such contact has proved the origin of thievish propensities.” In the majority of cases uncivilised peoples seem to respect proprietary rights within their own communities, and not infrequently even in their dealings with strangers. Many of them are expressly said to con

1 Beni, Notizie sopra gli indigeni P: 79; Mitchell, Expeditions into the di Mexico,’ in Archivio per l'antropo- Interior of Eastern Australia, i. 264, logia e la etnologia, xii. 15 (Apaches). 304 ; Lumholtz, Among Cannibals, Burton, City of the Saints, p. 125 p. 71 sq. (Australian tribes). Reade, (Dacotahs and Prairie Indians). Powers, Savage Africa, p. 579 (West African Tribes of California, p. 127 (Yuki). Negroes). Bosman, Description of the Machie, Vancouver Island and British Coast of Guinea, p. 324 sy. (Negroes of Columbia, p. 468. Heriot, Travels Fida and the Gold Coast). Caillie, through the Canadas, p. 22 (New- Travels through Central Africa, i. 353 foundland Eskimo). Coxe, Russian (Mandingoes). Beltrame, n Fiume Discoveries between Asia and America, Bianio, p. 83 (Shilluk). Wilson and p. 300 (Kinaighi). Georgi, Russia, iv. Felkin, Uganda and the Egyptian 22 (Kalmucks), 133 (Buriats). Scott Soudan, ii. 310 (Gowane people of Robertson, Kafirs of the Hindu-Kush, Kordofan). Krapf, Travels, Researches, p. 193 sq. Modigliani, Viaggio a Nias, and Missionary Labours in Eastern

Powell, Wanderings in a Africa, p. 355 (Wakamba). Burton, Wild Country, p. 23 (South Sea Is. Zanzibar, ii. 92 (Wanika). Bonfanti, landers). Romilly, From my Verandah L'incivilimento dei negri nell'Africa in New Guinea, p. 50 ; Comrie, ‘An. intertropicale,' in Archivio per l' antro. thropological Notes on New Guinea, pologia e la etnologia, xv. 133 (Bantu in jour. Anthr. Inst. vi. 109 sq. de races). Arbousset and Daumas, Er. Labillardière, l'orage in Seari h of La ploratory Tour to the North-East of the Pérouse, i. 275; Moseley, Notes by a Colony of the Cape of Good Hopi, Naturalist on the “Challenger,"'p: 391 P: 323 (Bechuanas). Andersson, Larki (Admiralty Islanders).

Brenchley, Ngami, pp. 468 sq. (Bechuanas), 499 Jottings during the Cruise of H.M.S. (Bayeye). Leslie, Among the Zulus Curaçoa, p. 58 (natives of Tutuila). and Amatongas, p. 256. Fritsch, Die Lisiansky, loyage round the World, Eingeborenen Suid-Afrika's, pp. 53 p. 88 sq. (Nukahivans). Williams, (Kafirs), 372, 419 (Hottentots and Missionary Enterprises in the South Bushmans). Sea Islands, p. 126 (natives of Raro- 2 Domenech, Great Deserts of North tonga). Cooke, Journal of a Voyage America, ii. 321. Mackenzie, Voyages round the World, p. 40 ; Montgomery, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans, p. Journal of Voyages and Travels by xcvi. note (Crees). Burton, Highlands Tyerman and Bennet, ii. 11 (Society of the Brazil, i. 403 sq;

Moorcroft Islanders). Barrington, History of and Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan New South IVales, p. 22 ; Breton, Ex- Provinces, i. 321 (Ladakhis). Anderson, cursions in New South Wales, p. 221 ; Mandalayto Xlomien,p.151 (Kakhyens). Collins, diount of the English Colony Earl, Paphans, p. 8o. Tyler, Forty in New South Wales, i. 599 sy. ; Years among the Zulus, p. 192. Hodgson, Reminiscences of Australia,

p. 468.

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