B.C. 133-70 COLLECTED AND ARRANGED ен A BY HREENIDGE, M.A. TUTOR AND LATE FELLOW OF HERTFORD COLLEGE, AND LECTURER IN AND A. M. CLAY TUTOR OF LADY MARGARET HALL, OXFORD OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS OJ10:26.05 128, F SINCE no period of Roman History can be adequately studied under the guidance of any isolated historian of the ancient world, a collection of the scattered sources of information for any of its epochs must have a certain value. But the absence of any single guide, of reasonable fullness and authority, for the story of the sixty-three years which form the subject of our book, is so universally admitted, and so keenly felt by teachers and advanced students, that the motive which has led us to collect and arrange the materials for this particular period is too self-evident to require explanation. The problems connected with the study of this period are not unlike those presented by the section of Greek History known as the Pentecontaetia, and the work which we have undertaken is meant to serve something of the purpose that has been so admirably attained by Mr. Hill's Sources for Greek History, although it does not aim at the exhaustiveness of Mr. Hill's book and is constructed on a somewhat different plan. In one respect our task has been less formidable than his. A chronological arrangement of the events of the Pentecontaetia, which can win anything like general acceptance, is impossible of attainment; while, in the period of Roman History which we have treated, such an arrangement, although not devoid of difficulties, is at least practicable. It is true that the practicability of this method by no means proves its excellence. The arrangement of sources by reference to subjects rather than to years may seem to many the preferable course. It is a course that has the advantage of admitting a more continuous citation of certain authorities, and it is one that by its simplicity frees the reader from the danger of some theoretical assumptions on the part of the author. But, on consideration, it appeared to us that a chronological arrangement was the most effective means of presenting that combination of forces which makes the history of a period by making that of each of its single years, and that this method of arrangement had the further advantage of enabling us to avoid frequent crossreferences; for the different events of a period are on the whole far less exclusive of one another than its different years. The framing of a chronology for any considerable period of the history of Republican Rome does certainly necessitate processes of inference, and there is likely to be a small residuum of events whose place in the scheme 127267 baffles inference and invites conjecture. Hence we have been compelled to add an appendix containing chronological notes which deal with such disputed points. In We have divided the events of each year into those of its internal and external history. The sections which deal with domestic events will probably be found to be more complete, and therefore more valuable, than those which deal with foreign issues. The sacrifice of the details of domestic policy to personal anecdote and military history is a characteristic of most of the authors on whom we have had to rely. particular, the legislation of any portion of this period has usually to be pieced together from a number of scattered fragments. We have, therefore, tried to make the portion of our work which deals with internal history, as complete as possible, while we were unable to present the details of campaigns and battles without making the book exceed the limits which we thought necessary to its utility. References, however, have always been given to passages which could not be cited in full. In the citation and arrangement of passages dealing with a single event we have kept in view the necessity of presenting supplementary as well as alternative information. Passages which merely repeat one another have seldom been quoted in full; on the other hand, where any authority has stated an additional fact (even of an improbable kind) this authority has had his share of space allotted him. The passages cited in illustration of a single event will often be found to be in the sharpest contradiction to one another. Wherever this conflict of evidence was discernible, it has never been ignored. The attempt to reconcile, or even to discuss, conflicting statements was beyond our province; but occasionally, when the meaning of a citation seemed to be unusually obscure, we have referred to a passage in some modern book which explains the reason for its appearance. Finally, we would call attention to an addendum, printed at the close of the volume, which contains a few words of an important inscription, bearing on the events of the year 133 B.C. but unfortunately unnoticed in the text of our work. The inscription presents the Pergamene record of the testament of Attalus III. OXFORD, July, 1903. A. H. J. G. SOURCES FOR ROMAN HISTORY B. C. 133-70 B. C. 133: A. U. C. 621. Consuls, P. Mucius Scaevola, L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi. The agrarian legislation of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus. legislation. Sall. Iug. 4r Nobilitas factione magis pollebat; plebis vis soluta atque dispersa in multitudine minus poterat; paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur; penes eosdem aerarium, provinciae, magistratus, gloriae triumphique erant; populus militia atque inopia urgebatur; praedas bellicas imperatores cum paucis diripiebant. Interea parentes aut parvi liberi militum, ut quisque potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur ... ubi primum ex nobilitate reperti sunt, qui veram gloriam iniustae potentiae anteponerent, moveri civitas, et dissensio civilis quasi permixtio terrae oriri coepit. ... Plut. Τi. Gracch. 8 ἀρξαμένων δὲ τῶν πλουσίων ὑπερβάλλειν τὰς ἀποφορὰς καὶ τοὺς πένητας ἐξελαυνόντων, ἐγράφη νόμος οὐκ ἐῶν πλέθρα γῆς ἔχειν πλείονα πεντακοσίων. καὶ βραχὺν μὲν χρόνον ἐπέσχε τὴν πλεονεξίαν τὸ γράμμα τοῦτο . ὕστερον δὲ τῶν γειτνιώντων πλουσίων ὑποβλήτοις προσώποις μεταφερόντων τὰς μισθώσεις εἰς ἑαυτούς, τέλος δὲ φανερῶς ἤδη δι ̓ ἑαυτῶν τὰ πλεῖστα κατεχόντων, ἐξωσθέντες οἱ πένητες οὔτε ταῖς στρατείαις ἔτι προθύμους παρείχον ἑαυτούς, ἠμέλουν τε παίδων ἀνατροφῆς, ὡς ταχὺ τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἅπασαν ὀλιγανδρίας ἐλευθέρων αἰσθέσθαι, δεσμω τηρίων δὲ βαρβαρικῶν ἐμπεπλῆσθαι, δι ̓ ὧν ἐγεώργουν οἱ πλούσιοι τὰ χωρία τοὺς πολίτας ἐξελάσαντες. App. Bell. Civ. i. 7 οἱ γὰρ πλούσιοι τῆσδε τῆς ἀνεμήτου γῆς τὴν πολλὴν καταλαβόντες, καὶ χρόνῳ θαρροῦντες οὔ τινα σφᾶς ἔτι ἀφαιρήσεσθαι, τά τε ἀγχοῦ σφισιν, ὅσα τε ἦν ἄλλα βραχέα πενήτων, τὰ μὲν ὠνούμενοι πειθοῖ τὰ δὲ βίᾳ λαμβάνοντες, πεδία μακρὰ ἀντὶ χωρίων ἐγεώργουν. GREENIDGE H B |