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colours by photography, suggest to M. Albert Hatzfeld a paper which concludes with the expression of his conviction, that the complete solution of the problem may reasonably be expected in the near future.-M. M. L. Portes and F. Ruyssen detail, in a long paper, all that has been done for the cultivation of the vine in the Crimea, and hold up the energy and activity of Russia for the imitation of France.-Under the heading Scientific Biographies,' we find an interesting sketch of the career of the well known chemist Liebig, contributed by his son.Considering the laws recently passed in France with a view to the suppression, or limitation of betting at races, and the influence which may be exercised by them on racing itself, and, indirectly, on the breeding of horses, a writer who signs E. A,' expresses the opinion that the total abolition of such meetings would have no unfavourable results.-Under the rubric Geography' there are two interesting papers, one entitled 'Les Grandes Ligues Transafricaines,' and dealing with the important question of the opening up of Africa by means of railway communication, the other describing a journey to Central Asia. -A somewhat technical but valuable and instructive paper by M. L. Montillot, describes and explains the working of the various meters devised for the purpose of registring the consumption of electricity in electric lighting.-M. Fernand Lagrange contributes to the section devoted to Hygiene a paper in which he shows the necessity of exercise for men of mature years, and indicates in what manner it may best be obtained. Under the same heading there is a long description of children's hospitals in Italy.-In an article which he entitles 'Le Rôle du Médecin dans les Prisons,' M. E. Laurent indicates the means by which he believes the medical men attached to penal establishments might co-operate towards the reformation. of the criminal classes.

SWITZERLAND.

BIBLIOTHÈQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE (April, May, June).-M. Adrien Naville heads the first of these numbers with a philosophical paper, which he devotes to an examination of reason, and in which he argues that far from being an enemy of God, all its authority comes from God.-Passing over the concluding instalment of Dr. Chatelain's excellent story, 'le Progrès,' we come to a paper entitled 'Le Monde. des Chemins de Fer en Amerique.' Some of the interesting details which it contains would well deserve mention if the fact that they are drawn from an English work, The Railways of America,' did not justify the assumption that most readers will

have some knowledge of them already.-Although appearing above the signature of M. Aug. Glardon, the article headed 'Souvenirs d'un Officier Anglais aux Indes' is not based on any English work, and is, nevertheless, what it purports to be. In explanation, M. Glardon states that he has edited it from the manuscript of two lectures delivered at Vevey by MajorGeneral W. Smith of the Royal Artillery. The reminiscences go back to the days of the Mutiny, when General Smith was a lieutenant under Lord Clyde; they are full of interest, not so much for the mere account of the struggle, a subject which allows but of slight originality, but for the personal incidents and anecdotes which are introduced with excellent effect.The other two articles which make up the April number may also be characterised as especially English. One of them is the conclusion of a summary of Looking Backward. The other is a critical appreciation of Mr. Swinburne's prose and poetical works in general, and more particularly of the Poems and Ballads published a couple of years ago. M. Léo Quesnel, who contributes it, expresses a high but not exaggerated admiration of the English writer, in whom the greatest fault he has to find is what he considers his inordinate enthusiasm for Victor Hugo. Last year the Revue gave its readers an excellent narrative of a journey from Leghorn to Batum; it now gives, as a continuation of it, an account, running through two numbers, of the botanical exploration of the Caucasus. The articles are excellent reading, as interesting as they are instructive.-M. V. de Floriant brings a very appreciative criticism of recent Australian literature. The works to which he makes special reference are Coo-ee, a collection of tales of Australian life by Australian ladies, Under the Gum-tree, and An Old Time Episode in Tasmania.—In an article of considerable length M. A. de Molin discusses the lately discovered Constitution of Athens. According to him, the impression left after reading the treatise is one of profound disillusion as regards men and things. The twenty or thirty thousand Athenians, so marvellously endowed from a literary and artistic point of view, seem to have possessed little or no political spirit. Their legislators were theorists who could not blend the past and the present to prepare the future; and their constitutions infringed private interests without providing for the allaying of private grudges. -The June number, which opens excellently with a sketch of Mickiewicz's poem, Pan Tadeusz-Master Thaddeus,' known to English readers from Miss Bigg's translation, contains, in addition to a couple of particularly good stories, and to the continuation of A Travers le Caucase,' an article devoted to a sketch of the history of the University of Lausanne, and an

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account of the literary movement' in Italy.-In all the numbers there are the usual Chroniques,' full of interesting gossip about things French, German, English, Swiss, and political generally.

SPAIN.

LA ESPAÑA MODERNA REVISTA IBERO-AMERICANA (April, 1891). Civilisation in Ecuador,' by I. León Mera, is a paper possessed of great interest, as giving an idea of the social and physical condition of a country little known to us. Amongst the few better classes, life and its comforts are almost as in Europe; but the bulk of the inhabitants are half-breeds and Indians. The nature of the country, with its enormous mountains and abysses to be traversed, makes railways a serious consideration. But the country progresses, and education, long backward, is well attended to. A Little of Everything,' gives a sad account of the administration of Cuba, which would only too gladly join the United States. There was no printing press in Cuba until 1800. The Governor acts with extreme despotism, and no one remains in the Spanish Cortes when their affairs are brought up for discussion. The people are emigrating extensively to Venezuela, where they are well received.-' German Philosophy,' a wellwritten disquisition, concludes in this number.-' Bull-fighting,' while acknowledging that the love of the Spaniards for this sport increases, protests against it, and shows that the Pope declared it fitter for devils than men, that all the poets condemn it, and all the highest thinkers. The author, Luis Vidart, concludes by declaring that, while artistic monuments decay for want of attention, bull rings are being erected in almost every Spanish village. -A useful historical resumé of Geography in the beginning of the Fifteenth Century' is by Oliveira Martins; and a still more important study is that of the Ancient Civilization of the Philippine Islands,' by R. Martinez Vigil, Bishop of Oviedo.Castelar's International Chronicle' is always interesting and instructive; his strong republican bias is shown by his praise of France, whose position and institutions are daily strengthening. The Economic Review,' is not hopeful of Spanish Finance. The principal translations are from Daudet, Flaubert, and Zola ; also Heine's Rima,' by R. Palma.

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LA ESPAÑA MODERNA REVISTA IBERO-AMERICANA (May, 1891). The Ancient Civilisation of the Philippines' in this number deals with the religion, sacrifices, etc. Their Eastern origin is exemplified in their belief in a series of incarnations, while they had faith in a Chief or Great God, without giving

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him a name. A people whose men and women were both taught to read and write, must have been comparatively cultivated.Selections from the Poets of Columbia,' and a poem on 'Adultery,' by Miguel Placido Peña, are mainly common-place in thought and diction.-A critical paper on The Philosopher Olavide,' throws some new light on 18th century matters.Perhaps the most striking paper in the number is on Contemporary Spain,' based on a recent Russian work. Its writer claims for it more insight and sympathy than is found in modern Spanish historians themselves. The stamp of the dreamy spirit of the Arab, adoring his God in the sublime solitude of the desert, is engraved on the intellectual and artistic manifestations of present-day Spain.' The writer places Spanish art on a far higher level than French, being full of the poetry of Nature in landscape, and not so artificial as the French. The democratic spirit is also shown in the little difference there is between the several classes in Spain. In Opera, the people are more instructed than the French. All the impresarios in Madrid-and they have eleven theatres-pay the Government and enrich themselves, while the charges are the same as in Paris, where the Government subsidises the theatres, whose managers at the same time regularly fail!The International Chronicle' deals largely with the first of May and the threatened risings of workmen, which, indeed, caused serious disturbances in Spain. The manifestation was prohibited in Russia; strongly repressed in Germany and Austria; absolutely free in England and Switzerland; free within closed boundaries, but absolutely prohibited in streets in France and Spain.' Absolute repression and freedom, both outwardly succeeded; the others failed!-In the Economic Review' the daily increasing scarcity of gold is noted, and its effects upon the money markets. The decrease in production goes on conterminously with the increase in demands.-The translations include a tale by Flaubert, a notice of his life and works by Zola, and a poem of Heine.-A list and summary of recent Spanish publications includes nothing of special importance.

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LA ESPAÑA MODERNA REVISTA IBERO-AMERICANA (June, 1891).—The Ancient Civilisation of the Philippines is concluded, and is a most important contribution to Anthropology. We note that while women had great freedom and influence, the Jewish right of the husband to turn off the wife without any formality. was exercised. Polyandry was also known in the Island of Mindanas. Slavery was common, but mild in character and always redeemable and the richest Philippine islander had not more than 300 slaves. The dead were supplied with food for the three days

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journey to the island of the new incarnation.- Columbian Poets' is devoted entirely to the translations of Miguel Antonio Caro, who is greatly influenced by English studies. His translation of 'The Burial of Sir John Moore' is highly spoken of; and he has been the first to clothe Shelley in Castillian.- Contemporary Spain,' as seen by a Russian, is continued, and well worthy of study. It gives a vivid insight into prominent Spanish politicals and authors of the day. An Alchemist of the Nineteenth Century,' is an admirable story by Eugenis Sellés, based on the 'formula,'' Always work with both hands and spend with one.''The Book of the Duchess of Alba' seems to be the first work in which choice documents from the Archives of a famous Spanish house have been made public. It is remarkable as being the production of the Duchess herself, who issues the documents with a modest introduction, and promises, if satisfactory, to continue the publication. Castelar's International Chronicle' is always valuable, perhaps the broadest grasp of public affairs produced in Europe, is given by this great orator and philosopher in these monthly resumés.—In the foreign portion 'A tale of Turgueneif,' The Theatre of Ibsen' from the Quarterly Review, 'Chateaubriand' by Zola, and a marvellous story in which 'Percy' figures, complete the number, which is above the average.

HOLLAND.

THEOLOGISCH TIJDSCHRIFT (May). - Dr. Meyboon reports. on three works on Galatians, two of them by believers in Paul as a historical personage, the third by an unbeliever. The first two writers, Balion of Leiden and Cramer of Utrecht, are so far influenced by recent attacks on the literary coherence of Galatians, that they both assume the likelihood of interpolation, and Dr. Meyboom states the passages they believe to be interpolated. i. 7a, iii. 19, and iv. 25, all famous cruces, are believed by both to be later additions to the text. Cramer goes further in his application of the method, and gives what he calls a restored form of the original work. These two books are commentaries, the third, by Völter of Amsterdam, who does not believe the Epistle, even in its original form, to be by Paul, gives an account of its genesis and composition according to that hypothesis. An ardent disciple of the school of Loman and Steck, he makes the letter dependent on Acts for its history, on the Corinthian Epistles, which were written earlier, for its controversy.-Dr. D. Völter follows with a paper, which is a foretaste of a considerable work he promises on the Apocalypse, entitled Cerinthus in the Apocalypse.' Hardly anyone now maintains the unity of authorship of this strange book of Scripture; the question now most

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