GREECE.

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ATHENA (Vol. iii., pt. II.).-In the first article Professor Lakon offers a number of emendations of the text of the Greek dramatists. The k. Kouses has a long critical paper on the Ajax of Sophocles. In a similar paper on Strabo's Geography the k. Papabasileios suggests the substitution of AevKavías for BPeTтavías in 6. 254. 4. (Meneike).-The Bibliography contains a sharp criticism on M. Psichari's Essais de Grammaire historique du néogrec.'-The k. Hatzidakis has three papers, On the Declension of Nouns in Modern Greek,' ' On the Descent of Modern Greek,' and some additional remarks on the question of language in Greece (Athena, ii., p. 169).-The k. Bases has some remarks on Bernardakes' Plutarch.-The newly discovered work of Aristotle on the Constitution of Athens naturally comes in for a good deal of attention. The k. Papabasileios contributes a number of remarks on it, and the veteran Professor Kontos a first instalment of more than a hundred pages of an elaborate examination of the text.

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREECE (August, 1891).-The k. Sakellion publishes two Synodical decrees of the Patriarch George II. of Xiphilinos, the Sultan Mehmet IV.'s proclamation of war against the Emperor Leopold I. (1669), and the Emperor's reply; all from MSS. in the National Library.-The k. Papandreou treats of the ancient monastery of S. Laura, where the chiefs of the Revolution met in March, 1821.-The k. Kerameus contributes a number of papers: four hitherto unpublished fables by Constantine Akropolites; a note on the settlement of Joannina; a decree of date 1571 concerning its monastery; an account of the 15th century writer Makarios Markes, from a MS. discovered at Cairo in 1888; a list of 17th century prelates from a Jerusalem MS.; notices of various patriarchs; the patriarch Nectarius' encomium on George Koressios; and a note on the Jerusalem Codex of Pachymeres, which was mentioned by Coxe in his report to the British Government on Greek MSS. in the Levant. It appears to present important differences from Bekker's text.-Professor Kirpitchkenoff writes on the materials for a history of Byzantine iiterature.-A list of Chiote family names, before the Revolution, follows. The k. Romanos writes on the ancient Epirote town of Bouthrotos.-The k. Sp. P. Lambros publishes records of the Patriarchate of Alexandria in the 18th century. The number concludes with a notice of the late J. Sakellion, keeper of the MSS. in the National Library, requent contributor to this

FRANCE.

REVUE DES ÉTUDES JUIVES (Avril-Juin, 1891).—This number is prefaced with a graceful tribute to, and an admirable portrait of, M. Joseph Derenbourg. His connection with this Revue from its beginning, and his many contributions to Jewish Biblical science, his own personal character, and the interest he has always taken in everything connected with Judaism, have prompted the redactors to pay him this mark of respect in celebration of his eightieth birthday.-M. J. Halévy contributes the twenty-fourth of his Recherches Bibliques.' Here he deals with the narrative of the flood. He takes the biblical account of the flood first by itself, and notes the verbal and other difficulties which the text, in its present condition, presents to us, and proposes corrections to lessen these. He sets it then in the light of the allusions to the flood in other books of the Bible, in order, if possible, to determine the period when it was known in Israel in its present form. He compares it then with the Babylonian narrative, and points out its dependence on it and wherein it differs from it. His object is, in addition to suggesting emmendations of the text so as to bring out its true meaning, to show how Hebrew monotheism has adapted the story to serve its religious purposes, and that it is of older date and of greater internal unity than the critics of the Graf-Wellhausen school assert.-M. J. Derenbourg continues his Gloses d'Abou Zakariya ben Bilam sur Isaie'; M. W. Bacher his Illustrations of Biblical Exegesis in the Zohar'; M. Levi his' Jew of Legend,' 'le Juif de la legend'; and M. Martin Schreiner his account of Moses ben Ezra's Kitab al Mouhadara wa-l-Moudhakara' and its sources. -M. Solomen Kahn furnishes the first instalment of a series of documents tending to show the friendly feelings of Jayme I., King of Arragon, towards the Jews in Montpellier.-M. Lazare Belléli gives an interesting description of two versions of the Pentateuch, one in Greek, and the other in Spanish, contained in a volume in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. The volume, which was printed in Constantinople in 1547, contains the Hebrew text, the Targum of Onkelos, and the commentary of Raschi, besides the two versions already named. It is to these two versions that M. Belléli chiefly directs attention and their value that he seeks to bring out.-Under Notes et Melanges' we have Dr. Glaser and M. Halévy exchanging views on the Sabean inscription, on which the latter in the last number of this Revue had a short paper.-M. D. Simonsen suggests a reason for Psalm xii. being made use of by the Evangelists so much in the history of the Passion, viz., that it

was one of the psalms used on Nisan 14th.-Under Bibliographie' M. Halévy finishes his critical notice of Dr. W. Brandt's recent volume, 'Die mandaische Religion.'

REVUE DES RELIGIONS (Nos. 4 and 5), 1891.-In the first of these numbers M. Abbé Loisy gives us another of his admirable 'Etudes sur la religion chaldeo-assyrienne.' This section is devoted to an examination of the various hymns in honour of, or references in the recovered literature to, the great national deities of Assyria and Babylonia, Assur and Merodach, Asur et Marduk,' so as to determine their real rank, character, and functions.-M. Abbé Beurtier, Professor at the Institut Catholique of Paris, furnishes a very interesting article, entitled 'Les vestiges du culte impérial à Byance, et la querelle des iconoclastes.' In it he first traces the source from which the idea of the king being a divinity, or the incarnation of one, came into Greece and Rome, and how the practice of paying divine honours to them or their statues spread. He traces the idea, of course, to Egypt and to the East. It was unknown in Greece until Alexander the Great was proclaimed son of Amon by the priests of Amon, and the eastern postures of reverence were seen adopted in Persia in his presence. The Greeks, however, showed themselves for long very averse to this idea. But in Egypt the Ptolemies were honoured as sons of Ra,' and in Syria the Seleucides had temples and priests everywhere. It was at Pergamos that the cult of Rome and Augustus was begun. It was looked coldly on in the Latin provinces until Elagabalus, the Syrian, succeeded in arousing a large measure of enthusiasm in its favour. M. Beurtier shows how it affected all classes, and, penetrating the church, led to the worship of the images and pictures of Christ, of the Virgin, and of the saints. It is an extremely suggestive paper, and deserves the careful consideration of all who care to trace the elements that have entered into and helped to modify the life of the Church.-In the second of these numbers of this Revue, M. Abbe de Broglie begins an important study of the 'Loi de l' unite de sanctuaire en Israel.' In Israel there was only one Temple, one altar as it were, on which sacrifices could be legally offered. It was a very peculiar arrangement-was quite unique, in fact, in ancient religions. What was its origin? and, when was it instituted? Our author states the answer given by the written official history, and by the undisputed tradition of the (Hebrew) nation.' He shows then how reasonable that account is, and how it bears all the marks of being natural and true. The historical circumstance that occasioned the giving of the law

and the character of the religion are both in harmony with it, and the object aimed at justified it. M. de Broglie then states the objections to this way of regarding the origin and object of the laws that are put forward by the modern critical school, and sets himself to refute them. The position, learning, and logical acumen of the writer render his article one that must be reckoned with by the adherents of the school in question, but we can only here direct attention to it, for, from its very nature, it is impossible to condense its substance within a few lines and give a true idea of the value of its arguments.-The only other article in this number is a continuation of M. Felix Robiou's La question des mythes.' Here he confines himself still to those of Egypt, to the solar myths, and to those regarding the elementary deities.

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REVUE DES DEUX MONDES (August, September).—The first of the numbers for these months is largely taken up with continuations of articles begun in the course of the preceding quarter. Amongst these we have a third instalment of M. Victor Cherbuliez's L'Art et la Nature-the present section dealing with the troubles and the torments of imagination, and its deliverance from them by the help of Art.-Further, Colonel VigoRoussillon gives another batch of military reminiscences.Finally, M. Ferdinand Brunetière concludes his able study of Bossuet. The special point here considered is the Bishop of Meaux's Philosophy,' and the writer points out that one main and leading idea, that of Providence, pervades his whole system, that to look for his philosophy in his set philosophical treatises merely is doing less than justice to his originality, and, lastly, that nothing is more false than to represent Bossuet as 'calmly installed in his Episcopal throne, at the most solemn moment of the great reign,' blind to the progress of free thought, deaf to the tumult already giving warning of the approaching storm, and dying, in 1704, without suspecting that Voltaire had appeared.Of the complete articles the first is that which M. Gaston Boissier entitles Un Enseignement Nouveau,' and in which he traces the present condition of the modern side' in French schools.-The next, contributed by M. Louis Wuarin, traces the evolution of democratic government in Switzerland. One of the most interesting contributions to the next number is that in which M. Berthelot gives the result of his researches with regard to the famous Greek fire of antiquity and the invention of gunpowder.Private theatricals at the French Court are dealt with in a pleasant sketch by M. Victor Du Bled; and, finally, M. Edouard Schuré, bringing another instalment of his delightful 'Paysages historiques de France gives us the 'legends' of St. Patrick

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whom he makes a native of Boulogne-of Merlin, and of Taliesinn. In the number dated September the 1st, considerable space is occupied by a sketch which M. de Segonzac gives of his travels in the west of Africa. From M. Gabriel Seailles there is an able and erudite study of Leonardo da Vinci's method and of his conception of science. For naval specialists there is an important article on the last manoeuvres of the French fleet. Two of the points upon which the anonymous but thoroughly competent writer dwells with most stress are, in the first place, the difference between manoeuvres and actual warfare, and, as a corollary to this, the erroneous judgment of those who estimate them according to the dash displayed, the noise made, and the number of forts supposed to be taken by some brilliant, but in reality impossible feat.-In the last number the article which many will read with the greatest interest is that in which M. G. Lauson sketches the chequered career, and gives an account of the works, of Antoine de Montchrestien, the inventor of the term 'political economy' and the author of the first Mary Stuart tragedy. As a sequel to his paper, 'Les Comédiennes de la Cour, M. Victor Du Bled contributes a sketch of the private theatres of the Duc d'Orleans and of the Comte de Clermont.The signature of Admiral Jurien de La Gravière is ample guarantee that the essay 'Les Gueux de Mer' is as notable from the purely literary as from the more technical point of view. It may be described as a most interesting and valuable contribution to a general history of the navy.

REVUE DE L'HISTOIRE DES RELIGIONS (No. 3, 1891).—'Tyché ou la Fortune, à propos d'un ouvrage recent,' is the title of the article in this number, and the writer of it is M. A. BouchéLeclercq. The recent work referred to is M. F. Allegre's Etude sur la déesse grecque Tyché, sa signification religieuse et morale, son culte et ses representations figurées.' The article, however, is not a mere summary and criticism of M. Allegre's book, but is also an independent study of the questions, or points, discussed in it, or rather in the first part of it. The first part of it, as its title indicates, is devoted to the elucidation of the idea or ideas enshrined in the word, or personified in the goddess. Who was she? Whence came she? or as what was she presented in the Greek mythology? and what position did she occupy in, or what influence did she exercise, on, the religious thought and life of Greece, or, under the name of Fortuna,' in Rome? M. Bouché-Leclercq gives a brief summary of M. Allegre's conclusions as to these points, and then proceeds to indicate those to which his own study, from the original sources, has led him. He thinks highly of the