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work which has occasioned his article here, and has no wish to supersede it, but writes in the hope rather that the volume being read in the light of what he brings forward may prove more serviceable to its readers.-M. Paul Regnaud furnishes a short paper on 'Les origines du Mythe d'Aurva,' which will be interesting to Vedic students.-M. L. Dollfus gives a slight sketch of the life of an eleventh century saint, the Spanish monk, Domingo de Silos, taking as his guide, or the source of his information, the elaborate account given of him by the Spanish poet, Gonzalo de Berceo.-M. L. Leblois notices three recent contributions to the question as to the relations of Buddhism and Christianity, viz., Herr Seydel's book, Das Evangelium von Jesu in seinen Verhältnissen zur Buddha-Saga und Buddha-Lehre; two lectures by the Brahman Nisikanta Chattopadhyaya, published in the Indische Essays,' and M. K. E. Neumann's 'L'Intime parente des doctrines bouddhistes et chrétiennes.' There is also, along with reviews of several important works bearing on the Science of Religion, a highly appreciative one, by the Editor, of the late Dr. Hatch's Hibbert Lectures. In it Dr. J. Reville points out perhaps the gravest fault of Dr. Hatch's treatment of the question before him-his omission, viz., to consider the influence of the Orient on the development of Christian dogmas and usages. He, however, only took into account, as his title indicates, Greek ideas and usages; but Dr. R. shows that it is impossible to give any satisfactory explanation of the turn things took in the Christian Church. unless the East is also reckoned with.

REVUE DE L' HISTOIRE DES RELIGIONS (No 4), 1891.-The recent works in which MM. D'Eichthal, Havet, and Vernes have rejected the conclusions of the modern critical school with respect to the age of the book of Deuteronomy, or its central part, as well as that of the other component parts of the Hexateuch are giving some little annoyance to the leaders of that school. They characterise the views advanced in these works as fanciful and absurd, as resting on no solid foundations of historic fact, and as little short of the freaks of a perverted ingenuity. Still they demand attention, and it is felt to be necessary to expose their absurdity, and to show that the results come to by the critical school in question are in no ways affected by the criticisms passed upon them in these works. Some of the authorities in that school have, in magazines, pointed out how extravagant and untenable the views of these writers are. M. Ch. Piepenbring thinks that something more is required and he here sets himself the task of restating the argument, and reproducing a summary of the

evidence on which the conclusions of the modern school rest as to the dates of the several parts of the Hexateuch. The point he fastens on is the Law of the Unity of the Sanctuary, or the Law of the one Sanctuary-a strong point if not the strongest point of their position. The various laws bearing on this point are compared and set in the light of the historical testimonies of the books of Samuel and Kings, of the Chronicles, and the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. The kindred laws bearing on the revenues of the priests and levites; on their respective duties and privileges; on the high priest's position and functions, etc., are contrasted also and set in the light of historic fact. M. Vernes, the only one of the trio now alive, has declared that the proper way to study the question as to the origin, or date of origin, of the books of the Bible is to start from the period when the existence of the books is established beyond cavil, and work back from that to the periods when the proofs of their existence are less and less decisive. M. Piepenbring here takes his advice, and, starting from the sacerdotal period, works his way back to the age when sacerdotalism is hardly perceptible even in germ; when the later princely revenues of the priesthood were undreamed of, and the distinction between the levites and the priests was unknown. It is only the first part of his article that is given here, but that first part covers sixty pages of this Revue.-M. A. Audollent furnishes the Bulletin archéologique de la religion_romaine,' for last year, in which he notes the discoveries made in Italy which in any way illustrate the ancient religions, Greek as well as Roman, practised on that soil.-M. L. Finet gives a short paper on Religion and the Theatre,' in India, and M. L. Massebieau one almost as brief on 'La langue originale des Actes des Saintes Perpétue et Félicité.' This latter article is directed against the views put forward by the Abbé Duchesne in a memoire read before the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in January last.

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REVUE MENSUELLE DU MONDE LATIN (August, September). -After having in a former instalment sketched the events which marked the famous-or infamous-24th of August, 1572, in the French provinces, M. le comte Hector de La Ferrière goes on to indicate in Le Lendemain de la Saint-Barthélemy' how the news of the massacre was received in the various countries of Europe. Under the rather fanciful title of La foire aux idées,' M. Henri de Saussine's very readable article is a general sketch of the most important questions of the day. In a paper, which appeals to specialists rather than to the general reader, M. Dally indicates the value of military manoeuvres for the purposes of in

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struction and training.-Finally, in an article running through both the August and the September numbers, M. Paul d'Estrées shows the condition of the Jews in France under the reign of Louis XV.-There are, as usual, some very readable 'Chroniques' and special letters.

REVUE PHILOSOPHIQUE (August, September).-A very considerable part of both these numbers is taken up by two abstruse articles, one of them on mathematical equality, the other entitled 'La technologie artificialiste.'-In addition to this the first part brings a paper of more general interest on heredity amongst painters. The results which it gives is that, out of a list of 300 artists, two-thirds are sons of painters or artistic workers.' Were more ample details available the remaining third would probably bring a notable addition to these.-The paper headed Un précurseur de l'hypnotisme' gives details concerning a Lyons doctor-Pététin-who, as early as the end of last century, discovered many of the phenomena which are now being investigated in connection with hypnotism.-Finally, M. Fouillée has a lengthy paper entitled The Psychological Problem.' Psychology, he says in his conclusion, is not simply or essentially the science of representation, it is the science of the will, just as physiology is the science of life. Its essential problem is: Is there a will within us? What is its nature? What is its action?" It is this will which gives to ideas and representations their real force; it draws them from the passive indifference in which they would remain plunged if they were only the reflections of a world complete without them. Psychology is an eminently concrete science, which studies the real being after it has arrived at that summum' of interior life in which it feels itself, thinks itself, and wishes itself to be. It should not, therefore, consider the conditions of consciousness in themselves nor in their objects, but also, and especially as conditions of an internal change, linked with external motion. It should endeavour to find out how far the object influences the subject, and how far the subject influences the object.

SWITZERLAND.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE (July, August, September).-The place of honour in the first of these numbers is occupied by a long article on Moltke. It is written as a sequel to the articles which the author devoted to the German army some little time back, and is further, to a certain extent, a reply to those who, like M. Charles Malo and M. G. Gilbert, question the famous soldier's claim to be considered as

a man of genius.-The object of M. Ed. Lullin is to bring together a number of facts illustrative of the various kinds of works accomplished by animals, and to show how man has been able to avail himself, with more or less ingenuity, and sometimes with excessive selfishness, of the strength, the skill, and the instinct developed by them.-A travers le Caucase' is a third instalment of M. Emile Levier's account of his botanical excursion through Caucasus.-In this part lighter literature is represented by 'Deux Fières' and 'Le péché de Joost Avelingh.' They both run through the quarter. In both the August and the September parts M. Ernest Naville has instalments of a paper entitled 'Les Œuvres communes à la Chrétienté.' It deals more particularly with the efforts being made by all religious bodies to abolish slavery, to check drunkenness, and to ensure the observance of Sunday as a day of rest, and shows the advantages of united action in these philanthropic crusades.—The 'Bailli philosophe,' to whom M. Henri Warnery devotes an article is François Rodolphe de Weiss, a rather insignificant, but yet not wholly uninteresting Swiss magistrate of the close of last century. In an article headed Les Mines de Pierres précieuses,' M. Ed. Lullin writes pleasantly and instructively about precious stones, their uses, and the various methods by which they are extracted from the earth.- Notes sur l'Art contemporain,' 'Le Mouvement littéraire en Espagne,' and the usual delightfully gossipy Chroniques' complete three excellent numbers.

SPAIN.

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LA ESPAÑA MODERNA: REVISTA IBERO-AMERICANA (July, 1891).Settled Good Weather,' is the leading little story by R. Becerro de Bengoa, and it turns on a little intrigue, the scene being laid in Asturias. It is simply and well told, with enough local colouring to make it informing. The Ancient Monuments of America' is a somewhat unsatisfactory essay on the connection of the pre-Columbian monuments, such as those of Palenque and Yucatan, with those of the so-called Old World. The Author-José Ramón Mélida-is inclined to connect these monuments, and those of Mexico and Peru, with those of Southern India. While the ruder works, such as the works of the Mound Builders and the Cliff Dwellers, as well as the stone paintings amongst the ruder tribes, he considers may all have arisen locally.-A translation from the Romance by Miss Blanca de los Rios is in easily moving measure. Faust in Music' is a complete study by Arturo Campión-of Gounod's Faust: Arrigo Brito's Opera of

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Mefistofele, Hector Berlioz' La Damnation de Faust; and Robert Schumann's Scenen aus Goethe's Faust. He examines it in music, which speaks of affliction, joy, sorrow, or grief in the abstract, in its essence.- La Gran Noticia' is a delicious bit of drollery in verse, in which a maiden stops an old man in the street to read a letter for her, and he is obliged to confess that he cannot read it either.' The International Chronicle' deals largely with England and Portugal in Africa, and refers to the speeches of the Count of Casal Ribeiro, and the Bishop of Bethsaida-the one demanding closer friendship with Spain; the other calling for greater leaning towards democracy and liberty-Castelar concludes a keen review of the situation thus: Feasts in Great Britain and in Great Muscovy: illuminations on the Volga and the Thames; salvos through the Straits of the Baltic, and salvos through the English Channel; suppers in Peterhof, and suppers in the Guildhall; music and odours in the atmosphere; lights competing with those of the heavens; wondrous dances in gardens worthy of Semiramis; speeches and solemnities interminable; all to let us know that we are going to war! This wretched humanity is ever the same in this planet!' The foreign section includes translations of tales and articles by the foremost French authors. (August, 1891.)—‘Juan Malasana and his daughter,' is a critical examination of the story of the hero who, on the 2nd of May 1808, fought the French at the entry to the Artillery Park Madrid, aided by his wife and a daughter of 17, who died handing him cartridges. He is said to have continued firing with his dead daughter at his feet, until himself slain.-'Settled Good Weather' is completed, by leaving a pair in a very false position; not a specially wholesome, but a characteristic Spanish story.-The Coach' is another purely Spanish story, that gives a good insight into Spanish life and the mode of courtship. In the Album of a Chilena' is a graceful piece of verse by Gaspar Nunez de Arce, in which he compares the dark beauty to all that inspires him with admiration and respect. The Economic Review,' shows a deficit of nearly 21 million sterling for the year in Spain-while the Ex-Minister does not report any more hopefully of the Portuguese finance, more especially in face of the revolutionary doctrines advocated. The condition of affairs in Portugal has lessened the value of Spanish securities on all the Exchanges of Europe. It is interesting to note, that while Spain is well accredited as a purely commercial nation, exporting more than it imports; yet this balance does not count alongside the general economic balance, which forces Spain to export 200 million gold pesetas

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