7. Infer all that you can, by contraposition or otherwise, from the assertion-All A that is neither B nor Cis D.

8. Say by inspection which of the following propositions give information respecting a, Ab, B, and BcD respectively :-(1) All aB is BcD or C; (2) All BD is a or Bc or ABC; (3) Anything which is A or b is C or d; (4) Whatever is aB or BC is Be or Ce or E; (5) All x is ax or AB or bC or cD. Give the rule in accordance with which your results are reached.

9. We are informed with reference to a certain genus of plants (1) that where the properties A and C are both absent the property B is present, while D and E are both present or both absent; (2) that when A and E are present, while D is absent, either B or C is present, but not both; (3) that when C is present and D absent A is present; (4) that the presence of AB or AE involves the presence of C and D together or the absence of both; and conversely, that where C and D are both present or both absent, AB or AE are to be found. What can you infer from these premises about AD, a, and cd respectively?

INDUCTIVE LOGIC.

SECOND PAPER.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Examine the following statements :

(a) Between the true and the false, or the real and imaginary, we must be prepared to interpose the doubtful.

(b) There are three distinct tests or standards of truth which have to be considered as being at our service.

2. It is remarked by Venn that "any attempt to overrefine the expression of the causal relation necessarily results in rendering it useless for any purposes of inference." Discuss this statement.

3. On what principle or principles does our belief in uniformities of co-existence depend? Can our belief in these uniformities, or any of them, be separated from the belief in causation ?

4. Discuss the Ground of Induction, with reference to Venn's remarks on this subject.

5. Examine the exact position assigned by Venn to the Method of Concomitant Variations, and say whether you would suggest any alterations. Show how the Method is affected by the answer to the following question:-"Is it true, then, that if the entire removal of A will entail that of x, a mere variation in its amount will entail a 'concomitant variation' in that of x?"

6. To what extent, and in what way, does the subjectmatter of Geometry differ from the elements of experience from which we start in our ordinary inductive reasonings?

7. Show how the demand for Explanation arises, and how it may be satisfied.

8. Give any illustrations of inductions which, when applied to practice, may give rise to a new set of facts, so that predictions based on the inductions are thus made incorrect. What scientific value would you attach in such cases to the original

inductions?

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.

SECOND YEAR.

SECOND PAPER.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Show the connexion of the philosophy of Descartes with the general movement of the Renaissance.

2. Explain the importance attached by Descartes to Method, and examine the significance and value of the rules given by him in the second part of his Discourse.

3. On what grounds did Descartes hold that self is known with greater truth and certitude than any material object?

4. Explain the nature and connexion of Descartes' arguments for the existence of God.

5. Examine Descartes' conception of Substance as applicable to the finite mind, to body, and to God.

6. How did Descartes seek to reconcile the fact of error with the trustworthiness of our faculties ?

7. By what means did Descartes satisfy himself of the existence of a material world independent of the percipient mind? Show briefly the influence of his dualism on the subsequent fortunes of philosophy.

8. Consider Descartes' explanation of the connexion between mind and body, and the effect of his doctrine on his immediate successors, Malebranche and Spinoza.

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.-PART I.

SECOND PAPER.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Prove that the force required to produce a definite curvature on the path of a freely moving body is proportional to the square of its speed.

2. (a) Having given that the density of mercury is 13.6, express the standard atmospheric pressure in dynes.

(B) Assuming that

pv mt

is constant for any particu

lar gas, find its value for air (the density of air = 001293, and the units to be used are dyne, gram mass, centimetre, and degree centigrade).

3. A cylinder of glass whose linear coefficient of expansion0000085 weighs 4.525 grams in air, 2.815 grams when immersed in water at 4° C., 2.841 grams in water at 60° C., and 2·882 grams in water at 100° C. Determine the volumes occupied by 1 gram of water at 60° and at 100°, and the mean coefficients of expansion of water between 4° and 60° and between 60° and 100°.

4. Give the elementary theory of a simple thermoelectric couple, and describe the construction of a thermo-pile.

Describe how to compare the emissive powers of various substances for radiant heat.

5. Describe fully how to determine the focal length of a convex lens without the aid of sunlight, and prove any formula required.

6. Describe fully how to determine the ratio of the moment of a given magnet to the horizontal intensity of the earth's magnetism, and prove any formula required.

7. Describe the condensing electroscope, and give the theory of the action of its condenser.

What is the use of the adjustable earth plates near the leaves ?