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CONTENTS

The meaning of the term "property," p. 1.-Savages accused of thievishness,

p. 2.-Theft condemned by savages, pp. 2-13.-The condemnation of

theft influenced by the value of the goods stolen, pp. 13-15.-The steal-

ing of objects of a certain kind punished with particular severity, p. 14.

-The appropriation of a small quantity of food not punished at all,

P. 14 sq.-Exceptions to the rule that the punishment of theft is in-

fluenced by the worth or nature of the appropriated property, p. 15.-

The degree of criminality attached to theft influenced by the place

where it is committed, p. 15 sq.-A theft committed by night punished

more heavily than one committed by day, p. 16.-Distinction made

between ordinary theft and robbery, p. 16 sq.-Distinction made be-

tween manifest and non-manifest theft, p. 17.-Successful thieves not

disapproved of but rather admired, pp. 17-19.-The moral valuation

of theft influenced by the social position of the thief and of the person

robbed, p. 19 sq.-Varies according as the victim is a tribesman or

fellow-countryman or a stranger, pp. 20-25.-The treatment of ship-

wrecked people in Europe, p. 25.-The destruction of property held

legitimate in warfare, p. 25 sq.-The seizure of private property in war,

p. 26 sq.-Military contributions and requisitions levied upon the

inhabitants of the hostile territory, p. 27.-Proprietary incapacities of

children, p. 27 sq.-Of women, pp. 28-31.-Of slaves, pp. 31-33.-The

theory that nobody but the chief or king has proprietary rights, p. 33.

Acquisition of property by occupation, pp. 35-39.-By keeping possession
of a thing, pp. 39-41.-By labour, pp. 41-43.-By a transfer of pro-
perty by its owner, p. 43.-By inheritance, pp. 44-49.-By the fact
that ownership in a thing directly follows from ownership in another
thing, p. 49 sq.-By the custom which prescribes community of goods,
p. 50. The origin of proprietary rights and of the various modes of
acquisition, pp. 51-57-Explanation of the incapacity of children,
wives, and slaves to acquire property, p. 57.—-Why the moral judg-
ments vary with regard to different acts of theft, pp. 57-59.-Theft

Explanation of the moral ideas concerning truthfulness and good faith,

pp. 109-131.-When detected a deception implies a conflict between

two irreconcilable ideas, which causes pain, p. 109.-Men like to know

the truth, p. 109 sq.-The importance of knowing the truth, p. 110.—

Deception humiliating, ibid.-A lie or breach of faith held more con-

demnable in proportion to the magnitude of the harm caused by it, ibid.

-The importance of truthfulness and fidelity even in apparently

trifling cases, p. 110 sq.—Deceit held permissible or obligatory when

promoting the true interest of the person subject to it, p. 111.-The

moral valuation of an act of falsehood influenced by its motive, p. III sq.

-The opinion that no motive can justify an act of falsehood, p. 112.-

Why falsehood is held permissible, or praiseworthy, or obligatory, when

directed against a stranger, ibid. Deceit condemned as cowardly,

p. 113.-A clever lie admired or approved of, p. 114.—The duties of

sincerity and good faith to some extent founded on prudential con-

siderations, pp. 114-124.-Lying attended with supernatural danger,

ibid. A mystic efficacy ascribed to the untrue word, pp. 116-118.—

The efficacy of oaths and the methods of charging them with super-

natural energy, pp. 118-122.-Oaths containing appeals to supernatural

beings, pp. 120-122.-By being frequently appealed to in oaths a god

may come to be looked upon as a guardian of veracity and good faith,

p. 123. The influence of oath-taking upon veracity, p. 123 sq.-The

influence of education upon the regard for truth, p. 124.-The influence

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The regard for other persons' happiness in general, p. 153 sq.-The moral

ideas concerning conduct which affects other persons' welfare influenced

by the relationship between the parties, pp. 154-166.-The feeling of

gratitude said to be lacking in many uncivilised races, pp. 155-157.—

Criticism of statements to this effect, pp. 157-161.-Savages described

as grateful for benefits bestowed on them, pp. 161-165.-Gratitude

represented as an object of praise or its absence as an object of dis-

approval, p. 165 sq.—Why ungratefulness is disapproved of, p. 166.—

The patriotic sentiment defined, p. 167.-Though hardly to be found

among the lower savages, it seems to be far from unknown among

uncultured peoples of a higher type, p. 167 sq.-Many of the elements

out of which patriotism proper has grown clearly distinguishable among

savages, even the lowest, pp. 168-172.-National conceit, pp. 170-174.

-The relation between the national feeling and the religious feeling,

P. 174 sq.-The patriotism of ancient Greece and Rome, p. 175 sq.-

The moral valuation of patriotism, p. 176.-Duties to mankind at

large, pp. 176-179.—The ideal of patriotism rejected by Greek and

Roman philosophers, p. 177 sq.-By Christianity, p. 178 sq.-The lack

of patriotism and national feeling during the Middle Ages, pp. 179–181.

-The development of the national feeling in England, p. 181 sq.-In

France, p. 182.-The cosmopolitanism of the eighteenth century,

p. 182 sq.-European patriotism after the French revolution, p. 183 sq.

-The theory cf nationalism, p. 184.-The cosmopolitan spirit, p. 184 sq.

Maternal affection, pp. 186-189.-Prof. Espinas's theory, p. 186 sq.-Prof.

Bain's theory, p. 187 sq.-Mr. Spencer's theory, p. 188.-Distinction

between maternal love and the mere love of the helpless, p. 188 sq.-

The paternal instinct, p. 189 sq.—Conjugal attachment, pp. 190-192.

-The duration of conjugal attachment, p. 192 sq.-The duration of

parental affection, p. 193.-Filial affection, p. 194.-Man originally,

as it seems, not a gregarious animal, p. 195 sq.-How he became

gregarious, p. 196 sq.-The gregarious instinct, p. 197.-Social affection,

P. 197 sq.-The evolution of social aggregates influenced by economic

conditions, pp. 198-201.-The social aggregates of savages who know

neither cattle-rearing nor agriculture, pp. 198-200.-Of pastoral peo-

ples, p. 201. Of peoples subsisting on agriculture, ibid.—Social units

based on marriage or a common descent, p. 201 sq.-The social force

in kinship, pp. 202-204.-Mr. Hartland's theory, pp. 204-206.--The

blood-covenant, pp. 206-209.--The social influence of a common cult

among savages, pp. 209-213.-The four generations of the Chinese,

p. 213.-Traces of a clan organisation in China, p. 213 sq.-The joint

family among so-called Aryan peoples, pp. 214-216.-Village communi-

ties, clans, phratries, and tribes among these peoples, pp. 216-220.-

The prevalence of the paternal system of descent among the peoples of

archaic culture, p. 220.-Associations of tribes among uncivilised races,

p. 220 sq.-Civilisation only thrives in states, p. 221 sq.-The origin of

states, p. 222.-The influence of the State upon the smaller units of

which it is composed, p. 222 sq.-The State and the notion of a common

descent, pp. 223-225.-The archaic State not only a political but a

religious community, p. 225 sq.-The national importance of a common

religion, p. 226.-The influence of social development upon the altruis-

tic sentiment, p. 226 sq.-The altruistic sentiment has not necessarily

reference only to individuals belonging to the same social unit, p. 227 sq.

-The expansion of altruism in mankind, p. 228.

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