Biology and Management of the Floodwater Ecosystem in Rice Fields

agricultural algal biomass algal growth algicides application aquatic plants aquatic weeds average Azolla biological biomass bloom blue-green algae China chironomid common carp Costa-Pierce crop cycle cyanobacteria cyanobacteria growth decrease dela Cruz ecology ecosystem effects estimated farmers fauna fertilizer field fish flooded floodwater fw/ha grazing green algae herbicides increase India inoculation insecticides International Rice Research invertebrates IRRI irrigation kg N/ha kg/ha Kikuchi Kulasooriya Kurihara larvae macrophytes Manila manure MC P.O. Box method microalgae microbial biomass molluscicides mosquito N2 fixation N2-fixing cyanobacteria nitrogen nitrogen fixation nutrients oligochaetes organic ostracods paddy pesticides pests Philippines photodependent photosynthetic phytoplankton plots populations potential predators production reduced reported Reynaud rice rice crop rice plant Rice Research Institute rice soils rice yield rice-fish culture ricefields Roger samples snails Soil Sci species strains studies submerged t/ha temperature tion transplanting tubificids vector-borne diseases vectors Watanabe wetland zooplankton