The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas

-The demands of politeness refer to all sorts of social intercourse and vary
indefinitely in detail, p. 148 sq.-Salutations, pp. 149-151.—The rule of polite-
ness most exacting in relation to superiors, p. 151 sq.-Politeness shown by
men to women, p. 152.-Politeness shown to strangers, ibid.

CHAPTER XXXIII

REGARD FOR OTHER PERSONS' HAPPINESS IN

GENERAL-GRATITUDE-

PATRIOTISM AND COSMOPOLITANISM

The regard for other persons' happiness in general, p. 153 sq.-The moral ideas

concerning conduct which affects other persons' welfare influenced by the

relationship between the parties, pp. 154-166.—The feeling of gratitude said

to be lacking in many uncivilised races, pp. 155-157.-Criticism of statements

to this effect, pp. 157-161.-Savages described as grateful for benefits bestowed

on them, pp. 161-165.-Gratitude represented as an object of praise or its

absence as an object of disapproval, p. 165 sq.-Why ungratefulness is

disapproved of, p. 166.—The patriotic sentiment defined, p. 167.—Though

hardly to be found among the lower savages, it seems to be far from unknown

among uncultured peoples of a higher type, p. 167 sq.-Many of the elements

out of which patriotism proper has grown clearly distinguishable among savages,

even the lowest, pp. 168-172.-National conceit, pp. 170-174.-The relation

between the national feeling and the religious feeling, p. 174 sq.-The

patriotism of ancient Greece and Rome, p. 175 sq.-The moral valuation of

patriotism, p. 176.-Duties to mankind at large, pp. 176-179.—The ideal of

patriotism rejected by Greek and Roman philosophers, p. 177 sq.-By

Christianity, p. 178 sq.-The lack of patriotism and national feeling during

the Middle Ages, pp. 179-181.-The development of the national feeling in

England, p. 181 sq.-In France, p. 182.-The cosmopolitanism of the

eighteenth century, p. 182 sq.-European patriotism after the French revolu

tion, p. 183 sq.-The theory of nationalism, p. 184.-The cosmopolitan

spirit, p. 184 sq.

'CHAPTER XXXIV

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALTRUISTIC SENTIMENT

Maternal affection, pp. 186-189.-Prof. Espinas's theory, p. 186 sq.-Prof.

Bain's theory, p. 187 sq.-Mr. Spencer's theory, p. 188.-Distinction between

maternal love and the mere love of the helpless, p. 188 sq.-The paternal

instinct, p. 189 sq.—Conjugal attachment, pp. 190-192.—The duration of

conjugal attachment, p. 192 sq.-The duration of parental affection, p. 193.-

Filial affection, p. 194.-Man originally, as it seems, not a gregarious animal,

p. 195 sq.-How he became gregarious, p. 196 sq.-The gregarious instinct,

p. 197.-Social affection, p. 197 sq.-The evolution of social aggregates in-

fluenced by economic conditions, pp. 198-201.-The social aggregates of

savages who know neither cattle-rearing nor agriculture, pp. 198-200.-Or

pastoral peoples, p. 201.-Of peoples subsisting on agriculture, ibid.-Social

units based on marriage or a common descent, p. 201 sq.-The social force

in kinship, pp. 202-204.-Mr. Hartland's theory, pp. 204-206.-The blood-

covenant, pp. 206-209.-The social influence of a common cult among

savages, pp. 209-213.-The "four generations of the Chinese, p. 213.-

Traces of a clan organisation in China, p. 213 sq.-The joint family among

so-called Aryan peoples, pp. 214-216.-Village communities, clans, phratries,

and tribes among these peoples, pp. 216-220.-The prevalence of the paternal

system of descent among the peoples of archaic culture, p. 220.-Associations

of tribes among uncivilised races, p. 220 sq.-Civilisation only thrives in states,

p. 221 sq.-The origin of states, p. 222.-The influence of the State upon the

smaller units of which it is composed, p. 222 sq.-The State and the notion

of a common descent, pp. 223-225.-The archaic State not only a political

but a religious community, p. 225 sq.-The national importance of a common

religion, p. 226.-The influence of social development upon the altruistic senti-

ment, p. 226 sq.-The altruistic sentiment has not necessarily reference only

to individuals belonging to the same social unit, p. 227 sq.-The expansion

of altruism in mankind, p. 228.

CHAPTER XXXV

SUICIDE

Suicide and civilisation, p. 229.-Suicide said to be unknown among several un-

civilised races, p. 229 sq.-The prevalence of suicide among savages and

barbarians, pp. 230-232.-The causes of suicide among savages, pp. 232-

235.-The moral valuation of suicide among savages, pp. 235-241.-The fate

of self-murderers after death, pp. 235-239.-The treatment of the bodies of

suicides among uncivilised races, pp. 238-240.-The opinions as to suicide in

China, pp. 241-243.-In Japan, p. 243 sq.-Among the Hindus, pp. 244–246.

-Among Buddhists, p. 246.-Among the Hebrews, p. 246 sq.-Among

Muhammedans, p. 247.-In ancient Greece, pp. 247-249.-Among classical

philosophers, pp. 248-250.-In ancient Rome, p. 250 sq.-Among the

Christians, pp. 251-254.-Why suicide was condemned by the Church, pp.

252-254. The secular legislation influenced by the doctrine of the Church, p.

254. The treatment of suicides' bodies in Europe, pp. 254-257.-More

humane feelings towards suicides in the Middle Ages, p. 257 sq.-Attacks

upon the views of the Church and upon the laws of the State concerning

suicide, pp. 258-260.-Modern philosophers' arguments against suicide, p.

260 sq.-The legislation on the subject changed, p. 261.-Explanation of

the moral ideas concerning suicide, pp. 261-263.-Criticism of Prof. Durk-
heim's opinion as to the moral valuation of suicide in the future, p. 263 sq.

CHAPTER XXXVI

SELF-REGARDING DUTIES AND VIRTUES-INDUSTRY-REST

General statements referring to the nature and origin of self-regarding duties and

virtues, pp. 265-268.-Man naturally inclined to idleness, pp. 268–271.—

Among savages either necessity or compulsion almost the sole inducement to

industry, ibid. - Savages who enjoin work as a duty or regard industry as a

virtue, p. 271 sq.-Industrial activity looked down upon as disreputable for a

free man, p. 272 sq.-Contempt for trade, p. 274.-Progress in civilisation

implies an increase of industry and leads to condemnation of idleness, ibid. —

Idleness prohibited by law in ancient Peru, p. 274 sq.-Industry enjoined in

ancient Persia, p. 275 sq.-In ancient Egypt, p. 276.-In ancient Greece,

p. 276 sq.-Greek views on agriculture, p. 277.-On trade and handicrafts,