Language and Culture in the Near East

Academy according addressed Akkadian Āmmiyya ancient appears Arabic Aramaic Assyrian audience Babylon Babylonian Bible Biblical bilingual called century characters Christians Classical clear colloquial considered copies cultural dialect direct discussion distinction Egypt Egyptian elements English evidence example existence expression fact foreign function Fuşḥā Fuşņā Greek hand Hebrew Hittite Hurrian important indicate influence inscriptions introduction Jewish Jews Judeo-Arabic king knowledge Kurdish Kurds language later learned letters lines linguistic literary literature means native NENA Neo-Aramaic original particular past period Persian person play possible present question royal šarḥ scribes Semitic serve shift side similar situation speak speakers speech spoken stage standard structure Studies style suggests Sumerian tablet tense term tradition translation understand University variety verb versions vowel writing written