Ent

he learnedly defended, in a piece entitled Apologia pro Circulatione Sanguinis, contra Æmilium Parifanum. Enthufiafm. He also published, Animadverfiores in Malachia Thrufoni; and fome obfervations in the Philofophical Tranfactions. Glanville, fpeaking of his Plus Ultra of the modern improvements in anatomy, numbers. Sir George Ent, Doctor Gliffon, and Doctor Wallis, with the most celebrated difcoverers in that science. The two former were among the first members of the Royal Society. Sir George Ent died in October 1689.

ENTABLATURE, or ENTABLEMENT, in Architecture, is that part of an order of a column which is over the capital, and comprehends the architrave, frize, and corniche. See ARCHITECTURE, chap. i.

ENTABLER, in the manege, the fault of a horse whofe croupe goes before his fhoulders in working upon volts; which may be prevented by taking hold of the right rein, keeping your right leg near, and removing your left leg as far from the horfe's fhoulder as poffible.

This is always accompanied with another fault called aculer. See ACULER.

ENTAIL, in Law, fignifies feetail, or fee entailed; that is, abridged, curtailed, or limited, to certain conditions. See FEE and TAIL.

ENTE', in Heraldry, a method of marshalling, more frequent abroad than with us, and fignifying grafted or ingrafted.

We have indeed one inftance of enté in the fourth grand quarter of his majefty's royal enfign, whofe blazon is Brunswick and Lunenburg impaled with ancient Saxony, enté en pointe, " grafted in point."

ENTEROCELE, in Surgery, a tumor formed by a prolapfion of the inteftines through the rings of the abdomen and proceffes of the peritoneum, into the fcrotum. See SURGERY Index.

ENTHUSIASM, an echafy of the mind, whereby it is led to think and imagine things in a fublime, furprising, yet probable manner. This is the enthufiafm felt in poetry, oratory, mufic, painting, sculpture, &c.

ENTHUSIASM, in a religious fenfe, implies a tranfport of the mind, whereby it fancies itself infpired with fome revelation, impulfe, &c. from heaven. Mr Locke gives the following defcription of enthufiafm. "In all ages, men in whom melancholy has mixed with devotion, or whofe conceit of themselves has raised them into an opinion of a great familiarity with God, and a nearer admittance to his favour than is afforded to others, have often flattered themselves with a perfuafion

logy.

of an immediate intercourfe with the Deity, and fre- Enthufiafm quent communications from the Divine Spirit. Their minds being thus prepared, whatever groundless opinion Entomocomes to fettle itself strongly upon their fancies, is an illumination from the Spirit of God. And whatsoever odd action they find in themselves a strong inclination to do, that impulfe is concluded to be a call or direction from heaven, and must be obeyed. It is a commiffion from above, and they cannot err in executing it. This I take to be properly enthufiafm, which, though arifing from the conceit of a warm and overweening brain, works, when it once gets footing, more powerfully on the perfuafions and actions of men, than either reafon or revelation, or both together; men being most forwardly obedient to the impulfes they receive from themselves." Devotion, when it does not lie under the check of reafon, is apt to degenerate into enthusiasm. When the mind finds itself inflamed with devotion, it is apt to think that it is not of its own kindling, but blown up with fomething divine within it. If the mind indulges this thought too far, and humours the growing paffion, it at laft flings itfelf into imaginary raptures and ecftafies; and when once it fancies itself under the influence of a divine impulfe, no wonder if it flights human ordinances, and refufes to comply with the established form of religion, as thinking itself directed by a much fuperior guide.

ENTHUSIAST, a perfon poffeffed with enthufiafm. See the preceding article.

ENTHYMEME, in Logic and Rhetoric, an argument confifting only of two propofitions, an antecedent, and a confequent deduced from it. The word is Greek, ενθυμημα, formed of the verb ενθυμείσθαι, " to think, conceive," a compound of and Jvos, " mind."

The enthymeme is the moft fimple and elegant of all argumentations; being what a man, in arguing clofely, commonly makes, without attending at all to the form. Thus, that verfe remaining of Ovid's tragedy, entitled Medea, contains an enthymeme; Servare potui, perdere an poffum rogas: "I was able to fave you; confequently to have deftroyed you." All the beauty would have been loft, had all the propofitions been expreffed; the mind is difpleased with a rehearsal of what is nowife neceffary.

Sometimes, alfo, the two propofitions of an enthymeme are both included in a fingle propofition, which Ariftotle calls an enthymematical fentence, and gives this inftance thereof: Mortal, do not bear an immortal hatred. The whole enthymeme would be, Thou art mortal, let not, therefore, thy hatred be immortal. ENTITY, the fame with ENs.,

ENTOMOLOGY, (from vroues," an infect," and Moyos," a difcourfe,") is that part of zoology which treats of infects.

Many are difpofed to reckon the study of Entomology trifling. Hunters of butterflies, and catchers of grafhoppers, are laughed at by the vulgar, and even by those who are more enlightened. The great numbers and diverfity of infects, the beauty and configuration of VOL. VIII. Part I.

fome of them, and the fingular inftincts of others, cannot but attract notice, and excite aftonishment in those who are fond of contemplating the works of nature, rendering thus the ftudy of Entomology, to them, a fource of much pleafure. A collection of the individuals which compofe any of the more numerous genera, placed at the fame time, before one capable of attending to the striking fimilarity of the whole, and tracing

T

the

2. Clavate, clavated, i. e. club-shaped, when they grow gradually thicker from their bafe to their point. 3. Filiformes, filiform, i. e. thread-fhaped, when they are of an equal thicknefs throughout the whole of their length.

4. Moniliformes, moniliform, i. e. of the form of a necklace, when they are of an equal thickness throughout, but formed of a series of knobs, resembling a string of beads.

5. Capitate, capitate, i. e. with a head or knob, when they grow thicker towards the point, and terminate in a knob or head.

6. Fiffiles, fiffile, i. e. cleft, when they are capitate, and have the head or knob divided longitudinally into three or four parts or laminæ.

the diftinguishing peculiarities of each, cannot fail to create furprife. The great and almoft phantaftic variety of their forms, the nice adaptation of their parts to the fituation in which each happens to be placed, must appear truly wonderful. In every department of nature, which comes within the reach of the human mind, a pleafing and luxuriant variety is difcernible. The fame Supreme Intelligence, which, by varying the pofition of the planetary orbs with refpect to the fun, and by other feemingly fimple but beautiful contrivances, hath produced their different length of day and year, and alternation of feafons, is manifeft in the formation of the minuteft infect. Each has received that mechanism of body, thofe peculiar instincts, and is made to undergo thofe different changes, which fit it for its deftined fituation, and enable it to perform its proper functions. The utility of many infects, fuch as the bee, the crab, the filk-worm, the cochineal infect, &c. render them both interefting and important; and a more intimate acquaintance with the clafs, may enable us to add to the number of thofe that are useful to man, and to improvements in the management of thofe already known. The havock many infects make in the vegetable kingdom, the vexation, difeafes, and deftruction they occafion among animals, fhould induce those who are engaged in agriculture, and in the rearing and management of animals, to pay attention to Entomology; for the better they are acquainted with their enemies, the abler they must be to attack them with advantage.

Moft infects undergo three very diftinct changes: which circumftance, joined to the very great difference of appearance which is often met with in the male and female, and even in the neuters of fome fpecies, renders their number apparently greater than it really is, and adds confiderably to the difficulty of reducing them to order.

Different naturalifts have attempted to arrange them into families and genera, particularly the celebrated LINNÆUS, whofe arrangement is followed here. He has formed them into feven families or orders, compofing his Definition. fixth clafs of animals, INSECTA. He defines an infect, a fmall animal, breathing through pores on its fides, furnished with moveable antenna and many feet, covered with either a hard cruft, or a hairy skin. Before the diftinguishing marks of the orders and genera can be understood, it will be neceffary to enumerate and explain the terms he has given to the different parts, and the most remarkable of the epithets he has applied to them.

Head, &c.

The body is divided into Head, Trunk, Abdomen, and Extremities.

7. Perfoliata, perfoliated, when the head or knob is divided horizontally.

8. Pectinata, pectinated, i. e. refembling a comb, when they have a longitudinal feries of hairs projecting from them, in form of a comb.

9. Barbata, barbed, when they have little projections or barbs placed on their fides. They are either, 1. Longiores, longer than the body; 2. Breviores, fhorter than the body; or, 3. Mediocres, of the fame length with the body.

The MOUTH, in most infects, is placed in the under part of the head; fometimes, however, it is fituated in the thorax, and in a few inftances, is entirely wanting. It is furnished with, 1. Palpe, or feelers; 2. Roftrum, i. e. beak or fnout; 3. Labium, or lip; 4. Maxillæ, or jaws, placed tranfverfely, and moving laterally; 5Dentes, or teeth; 6. Lingua, or tongue; 7. Palatum, or palate.

Palpa, feelers, which are 4 or 6 in number, are attached to the mouth, and have 2, 3, or 4 articulations. The Stemmata are three prominent shining points on top of the bead.

the

II. TRUNCUS, the Trunk, to which the legs are Trunk. attached, is fituated between the head and the abdomen. It is divided into, 1. The Thorax, or cheft, which is the fuperior part; 2. Scutellum, i. e. fmall shield or efcutcheon, which is the pofterior part; 3. The Breaft and Sternum, which is the inferior part.

III. The ABDOMEN, that part which contains Abdomen. the ftomach, inteftines, and other vifcera, confifts of feveral annular fegments. It is perforated on the fides with Spiracula, i. e. breathing-holes. The upper part of it is termed Tergum, or back; the inferior Venpart ter, or belly; the pofterior part Anus. IV. ARTUS, the extremities, are, 1. the Wings; Extremi2. Legs; 3. Tail.

I. ALE, the wings, are two, or four. They are either,

1. Plana, i. e. plain, fuch as cannot be folded up by the infect.

2. Plicatiles, or folding, fuch as can be folded up by the infect at pleasure.

3. Erecta, erect, fuch as have their fuperior surfaces brought into contact, and stand upright when the in

fect is at reft.

4. Patentes, fpreading; fuch as are extended horizontally.

5. Incumbentes, incumbent; fuch as reft on the upperpart of the abdomen.

6. Deflexa, bent down; fuch as are partly incumbent,

ties.

Elytra.

Hemelytra.

Halteres.

Sexes.

bent, but have their exterior edge inclined towards the fides of the abdomen.

7. Reverfæ, reverfed; fuch as are incumbent, but inverted.

8. Dentate, fuch as have their edges notched or ferrated.

9. Caudate, fuch as have proceffes extended from their extremities like a tail.

10. Reticulate, netted; when the veffels of the wings put on the appearance of net-work.

II. Picte, painted; fuch as are marked with coloured fpots, bands, ftreaks, lines or dots.

12. Notate, marked with fpecks.

13. Ornate, adorned with little eyes, or circular fpots, containing a spot of a different colour in their centre. The central spot is termed pupil; the exterior one is called iris. This may happen either in the primary or fecondary wings, on their upper or under furfaces. The fuperior wing is called primary, and the inferior fecondary, to avoid confufion, as they may be at times reversed.

The ELYTRA are hard fhells, occupying the place of the upper wings. They are, for the most part, moveable, and are either,

1. Truncata, truncated, when fhorter than the abdomen, and terminated by a transverse line.

2. Spinofa, or prickly, when their furfaces are covered with tharp points or prickles.

3. Serrata, ferrated, when their edges are notched. 4. Scabra, rough, when their furface resembles a file. 5. Striata, ftriated, when marked with flender longi

tudinal furrows.

6. Porcata, ridged, when marked with elevated ridges. 7. Sulcata, furrowed.

8. Punctata, marked with dots.

9. Faftigiata, when formed like the roof of a house. The HEMELYTRA, as it were half-elytra, partaking partly of the nature of cruftaceous fhells, and membranaceous wings; being formed of an intermediate fubftance.

HALTERES, or poifers, are fmall orbicular bodies placed on ftalks, fituated under the wings of infects of the order Diptera.

II. PEDES, the Legs. They are divided into, I. Femur, or thigh, that part which is joined to the trunk ; 2. Tibia, or thank; 3. Tarfus, or foot; 4. Ungues, hooks or nails: 5. Manus, (chela), hands or claws, fimple, with a moveable thumb, as in the crab.

The hind legs are termed, 1. Curfori, formed for running; 2. Saltatorii, formed for leaping; 3. Natatorii, formed for fwimming.

III. CAUDA, the Tail, which terminates the abdomen, is, 1. Solitaria, i. e. fingle. 2. Bicornis, i. e. twohorned or double. 3. Simplex, fimple, i. e. unarmed. 4. Armata, i. e. furnished, 1. with Forceps or Pincers; 2. with Furca, a fork; 3. with one or more Setæ or briftles; 4. with an Aculeus, or fting, either smooth or barbed. A fting is a weapon, frequently hollow, with which fome infects are furnished, through which they discharge a poifon into the wound they inflict.

The SEXES of infects are commonly two, male and female. Neuters are to be met with among thofe infects which live in fwarms, fuch as ants, bees, &c.

Most infects undergo three changes. An infect is Metamor. at first hatched from a very small egg, and becomes a phofis. LARVA; a foft fucculent animal, without wings, incapable of producing its fpecies, flow in its motions, fometimes without feet, but more frequently with them; confuming greedily the kind of food which is peculiar to it, and which, in proper time, is changed into a pupa.

PUPA (Nympha, Chryfalis), is firmer and drier than the larva, and is confined either by a naked membrane, or enclosed in a follicle. It is commonly without a mouth; fometimes it has feet, but more frequently

none.

1. Completa, complete in all their parts, and active; as the aranea, acarus, onifcus, &c.

2. Semicompleta, half complete, with only the rudiments of wings; as the gryllus, cicada, cimex, libellula, and ephemera.

3. Incompleta, incomplete, with immoveable wings and feet; as the apis, formica, and tipula.

4. Obtecta, covered, having the thorax and abdomen enclosed in a skin, and that either naked, or enclosed in a follicle differently compofed.

5. Coarctata, confined within a globe; as the mufca, œftrus. The pupa is converted into the imago, or the perfect infect.

IMAGO, is the perfect infect, active, furnished with antennæ, and capable of generating.

Infects are faid to inhabit those plants on which they feed, and not thofe on which they may be occafionally found, and receive from them many of their fpecific

names.

LINNAEUS has divided the clafs of infects into feven orders.

แ

I. COLEOPTERA, (from xwλ805, 66 a fheath," and Claffificaπλερον, a wing"), are fuch infects as have four wings, tion. the upper pair of which are elytra, or cruftaceous fhells, which, when the animal is at reft, fhut, and form a ftraight future down the back. II. HEMIPTERA, (from quis, half," ," and legov, wing"), containing fuch infects as have four wings, the fuperior pair being half cruftaceous, and incumbent, and a mouth or beak bent toward the breast.

66 a

III. LEPIDOPTERA, (from Asos, "a fcale," and lager, "a wing"), containing fuch infects as have four πλερον, wings covered with minute imbricated fcales, a hairy body, and a mouth furnished with an involuted fpiral tongue.

IV. NEUROPTERA, (from viugov, 66 a nerve," and ligor," a wing), containing fuch infects as have πλερον, four naked wings, marked with veins croffing one another like net-work; the tail unarmed.

V. HYMENOPTERA, (from vμny, "a membrane," and legov," a wing"), containing fuch infects as have four membranaceous wings, and a tail furnished with a fting.

VI. DIPTERA, (from duw," two," and "a wing"), fuch as have two wings and poifers. VII. APTERA, (from a, "without," and legov, "a wing"), fuch as have no wings or elytra in either fex.

A. The beak elongated and crooked.
E. The lip horny and emarginated.

S. The elytra half the length of the body, covering the wings. Two veficles above the tail, which can be pufhed out at pleasure.

S. The lip truncated, and entire.

Z. The lip elongated and membranaceous.

M. The thorax roundifh. The head gibbous, and bent inwards.

T. The thorax marginated. The head ftretched out. The body oblong.

C. The body oblong. The elytra marginated. The head covered with a fhield.

O. The thorax and elytra marginated.

M. Laminæ at the bafe of the abdomen. Head inflected.

C. The body oval, immarginated.

H. Feelers unequal. Jaw bifid. Lip rounded.

B. Mouth furnished with jaws. plane. Legs formed for running. P. Mouth furnished with jaws. Wings membranaceous, deflected. Legs formed for running.. Body hollow, inflated, and tranfparent. M. Mouth furnished with jaws. ferrated, and terminated by a fingle G. Mouth furnished with jaws. for leaping.

The anterior legs claw.

Hind-legs formed.