Emerfon. was boarded at his father's houfe.

*

Works. 16. A Mifcellaneous Treatife, containing fe- Emerfon, veral Mathematical Subjects, 8vo, 1776. Emery.

In the earlier part of his life he attempted to teach a few scholars : but whether from his concife method (for he was not happy in exclaiming his ideas), or the warmth of his natural temper, he made no progrefs in his fchool: he therefore foon let it off; and fatisfied with a moderate competence left him by his parents, he devoted himself to a ftudious retirement. Towards the clofe of the year 1781 (being fenfible of his approaching diffolution), he difpofed of the whole of his mathematical library to a book feller at York; and on May 20th 1782, he died of a lingering and painful disorder at his native village, aged near 81 years.

Mr Emerfon in his perfon was rather fhort, but ftrong and well made, with an open countenance and ruddy complexion. He was exceedingly fingular in his drefs. He had but one coat, which he always wore open before, except the lower button; no waiftcoat; his fhirt quite the reverfe of one in common ufe, no opening before, but buttoned close at the collar behind; a kind of flaxen wig which had not a crooked hair in it, and probably had never been tortured with a comb from the time of its being made. He always walked up to London when he had any thing to publish, revifing sheet by fheet himself.-Trusting no eyes but his own, was always a favourite maxim with him. He never advanced any mathematical propofition that he had not first tried in practice, conftantly making all the different parts himself on a small fcale, fo that his houfe was filled with all kinds of mechanical inftruments together or disjointed. He would frequently ftand up to his middle in water while fifhing, a diverfion he was remarkably fond of. He ufed to ftudy inceffantly for fome time, and then for relaxation take a ramble to any pot-ale houfe where he could get any body to drink with and talk to. The duke of Manchef ter was highly pleafed with his company, and used of ten to come to him in the fields and accompany him home, but could never perfuade him to get into a carriage. On thefe occafions he would fometimes exclaim, "Damn your whim-wham! I had rather walk." He was a married man; and his wife used to spin on an old-fashioned wheel, whereof a very accurate drawing is given in his mechanics. He was deeply fkilled in the fcience of mufic, the theory of founds, and the various fcales both ancient and modern, but was a very poor performer.

The following is a lift of Mr Emerfon's works. 1. The Doctrine of Fluxions. 2. The projection of the Sphere, orthographic, ftereographic, and gnomonical. 3. The Elements of Trigonometry. 4. The Principles of Mechanics. 5. A Treatife of Navigation on the Sea. 6. A Treatife of Algebra, in two books. 7. The Arithmetic of Infinites, and the differential Method, illuftrated by Examples. 8. Mechanics; or the Doctrine of Motion. 9. The Elements of Optics, in four books. 10. A Syftem of Aftronomy. 11. The Laws of Centripetal and Centrifugal Force. 12. The Mathematical Principles of Geography. 13. Tracts, 8vo. 14. Cyclomathefis; or an eafy Introduction to the feveral branches of the Mathematics.

15. A fhort comment on Sir Ifaac Newton's Principia; to which is added, A Defence of Sir Ifaac against the objections that have been made to feveral Parts of his

EMERY, in Natural History, a rich iron ore found in large maffes of no determinate shape or fize, extremely hard, and very heavy. It is ufually of a dusky brownish red on the furface; but when broken, is of a fine bright iron-gray, but not without fome tinge of redness; and is fpangled all over with fhining fpecks, which are fmall flakes of a foliaceous talc, highly impregnated with iron. It is alfo fometimes very red, and then ufually contains veins of gold. It makes no effervefcence with any of the acid menftruums; and is found in fome of the Greek islands, in Tufcany, and fome parts of Germany.

Dr Lewis is of opinion, that fome kinds of emery may contain the metal called platina, and on this, fubject has the following curious obfervations. "Alonfo Barba mentions a fubftance called chumpi; which is a hard ftone of the emery kind, participating of iron, of a gray colour fhining a little, very hard to work, be cause it refifts the fire much, found in Potofi, Chocaya, and other places, along with blackish and reddish ores that yield gold. If platina is really found in large maffes, either generally or only now and then, one might reasonably expect those maffes to be fuch as are here defcribed.

"Of the fame kind perhaps alfo is the mineral mentioned by feveral authors under the name of Spanish emery, fmiris Hifpanicus, which fhould feem, from the accounts given of it, to be no other than platina or its matrix. The fmiris is faid to be found in the gold. mines, and its exportation prohibited; to contain films or veins of native gold; to be in great request among the alchemifts; to have been fometimes ufed for the adulteration of gold; to ftand, equally with the noble metal, cupellation, quartation, antimony, and the regal cement; and to be feparable from it by amalgamation with mercury, which throws out the fmiris and retains the gold; properties ftrongly characteristic of platina, and which do not belong to any known fubftance befides. This debasement of gold per extractum smiridis Hifpanici is mentioned by Becher in his Minera arenaria, and feveral times hinted at in his Phyfica fubterranea. Both Becher and Stahl indeed call the fubftance which the gold receives from the emery an earth, whereas platina is undoubtedly a metal; but this does not at all invalidate our fuppofition, for they give the name of earth alfo to the fubftance which copper receives from calamine in being made into brafs, which is now known to be metallic.

"From thefe obfervations I have been led to fufpect, that the European emeries likewife might poffibly participate of platina. If this was certain, it would account fatisfactorily for the ufe which fome of the alchemifts are faid to have made of emeries and

other ferruginous ores; and we fhould no longer doubt, or wonder, that by treating gold with thefe kinds of minerals, they obtained a permanent augmen tation; that this augmentation, though it refifted lead, antimony, aquafortis, and the regal cement, was feparable, as Becher owns it was, by quickfilver; and that, when it exceeded certain limits, it rendered the gold pale and brittle.

"If emery contains platine, I imagined it might

be

Emir.

in

Emery be discoverable by boiling the powdered mineral melted lead, and afterwards working off the lead upon a teft or cupel. The experiment was made with eight ounces of the fineft powder of common emery, and the fame quantity of lead; which were covered with black flux to prevent the scorification of the lead, and urged with a strong fire for two or three hours. The lead became hard, rigid, of a dark colour, and a granulated texture, as if it had really imbibed fome platina from the emery; but in cupellation it worked almost entirely off, leaving only a head about the fize of a small pin's head, which was probably no other than filver contained in the lead.

"I repeated the experiment with fome variation, thinking to obtain a more perfect refolution of the emery by vitrifying it with the lead. Two ounces of fine emery and fix ounces of minium were well mixed together, and urged with a strong fire, in a close crucible, for an hour: they melted into a uniform dark brownish glafs. The glafs was powdered, mixed with four ounces of fixt alkaline falt and fome powdered charcoal, and put into a fresh crucible, with fome common falt on the furface: The fire was pretty ftrongly excited but the fufion was not fo perfect as could be wished, and only about two ounces of lead found revived. This lead had fuffered nearly the fame change as that in the foregoing experiment; and like it, gave no appearance of platina on being cupelled.

were

"It feems to follow from thefe experiments, that the emery employed in them contained no platina; but as it is not to be fuppofed that all emeries are of one compofition, other forts may deferve to be fubmitted to the fame trials. As gold is contained in fome parcels of common minerals, and by no means in all the individuals of any one fpecies; platina may poffibly in like manner be found in fome European ores, though there is not the leaft footstep of it in other parcels of the fame kind of ore.??

EMETICS, medicines that induce vomiting. See MATERIA MEDICA Index.

EMIMS, ancient inhabitants of the land of Canaan beyond Jordan, who were defeated by Chedorlaomer and his allies, Gen. xiv. 5. Mofes tells us, that they were beaten in Shaveh Kirjathaim, which was in the country of Sihon conquered from the Moabites, Jofh. xiii. 19.-21. The Emims were a warlike people, of a gigantic ftature, great and many, and tall as the Anakims.

EMINENCE, in Geography, a little hillock or af cent above the level of the adjoining champaign.

EMINENCE is alfo a title of honour given to cardinals. The decree of the Pope, whereby it was appoint ed that the cardinals should be addreffed under the qua lity of eminence, bears date the 10th of January 1630. They then laid afide the titles of illuftriffimi and reve rendiffimi, which they had borne before.

The grand mafter of Malta is likewife addreffed under the quality of eminence. The Popes John VIII. and Gregory VII. gave the fame title to the kings of France. The emperors have likewife borne it.

Eminentiffimus, the fuperlative of eminent, has of late been attributed to the cardinals.

EMIR, a title of dignity among the Turks, fignifying a prince.

4

Emic D

This title was first given to the caliphs; but when they affumed the title of Sultans, that of emir remained to their children; as that of Cæfar among the Ro- Emmius. mans. At length the title came to be attributed to all who were judged to defcend from Mahomet by his daughter Fatimah, and who wear the green turban inftead of the white. The Turks make an observation, that the emirs, before their fortieth year, are men of the greatest gravity, learning, and wifdom; but after this, if they are not great fools, they discover fome figns of levity and ftupidity. This is interpreted by the Turks as a fort of divine impulfe in token of their birth and fanctity. The Turks alfo call the vizirs, bafhaws, or governors of provinces, by this name.

EMISSARY, in a political fenfe, a perfon employed by another to found the opinions of people, spread certain reports, or act as a spy over other people's ac

tions.

EMISSARY Veffels, in Anatomy, the fame with thofe more commonly called EXCRETORY.

EMISSION, in Medicine, a term ufed chiefly to denote the ejaculation of the femen or feed in the act of coition. See COITION and GENERATION.

EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL, a Hebrew word, which fignifies God with us.' Ifaiah (viii. 14.), in that celebrated prophecy, wherein he declares to Ahaz the birth of the Meffiah, who was to be born of a virgin, fays, This child shall be called, and really be, Emmanuel, that is, God with us. The fame prophet (viii. 8.) repeats the fame thing, while he is fpeaking of the enemy's army, which, like a torrent, was to overflow Judea. The ftretching out of his wings fhall fill the breadth of thy land, O Emmanuel.' The evangelift Matthew (i. 23.) informs us, that this prophecy was accomplished in the birth of Chrift, born of the virgin Mary, in whom the two natures divine and human were united, and fo in this fenfe, he was really Emmanuel, or God with us."

EMMERICK, a rich fortified town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and duchy of Cleves. It carries on a good trade with the Dutch, and both Protestants and Catholics have the free exercise of their religion. The streets are neat and regular, and the houses tolerably built. It was taken by the French in 1672, and delivered to the elector of Brandenburg in 1673, under whofe jurifdiction it now is. It is feated near the Rhine. E. Long. 5. 29. N. Lat. 52. 5.

EMMIUS, UBBо, born at Gretha in Eaft Friefland in 1547, was a very learned profeffor, and chofen rector of the college of Norden in 1579. This feminary flourished exceedingly under his care; and de clined as vifibly after he was ejected, in 1587, for refufing to fubfcribe the Confeffion of Augfburg. The year after, he was made rector of the college of Leer; and when the city of Groningen confederated with the United Provinces, the magiftrates appointed him rector of that college: which employment he filled with the highest repute near 20 years; until the college being erected into an univerfity, he was the first rector, and one of the chief ornaments of it by his lectures, till his infirmities prevented his public appearance. His wisdom was equal to his learning; fo that the governor of Friefland and Groningen often confulted him, and feldom failed to follow his advice. He wrote

Vetus.

>

Emouy 1625.

EMMENAGOGUES, Eμμnvaywya, in Medicine, fuch remedies as promote the menftrual discharge. They are thus called from "in," μny "month," ayw duco, "I lead," because their natural periods of flowing are once a-month.

EMOLLIENTS, in Medicine and Pharmacy, are fuch remedies as fheath and foften the afperity of the humours, and relax and fupple the folids at the fame time.

EMOLUMENT is properly applied to the profits arifing daily from an office or employ. The word is formed of the Latin emolumentum, which, according to fome, primarily fignifies the profits redounding to the miller from his mill; of molo, molere, "to grind."The patent, or other inftrument, whereby a perfon is preferred to an office, gives him a right to enjoy all the duties, honours, profits, and emoluments belonging thereto.-Emolument is also used, in a fomewhat greater latitude, for profit or advantage in the general.

EMOTION and PASSION, in the human mind, are *Elem. of thus diftinguished by a celebrated writer. An interCriticism. nal motion or agitation of the mind, when it paffeth vol. i. p. 45 away without defire, is denominated an emotion: when defire follows, the motion or agitation is denominated a paffion. A fine face, for example, raifeth in me a pleasant feeling: if that feeling vanish without producing any effect, it is in proper language an emotion but if the feeling, by reiterated views of the object, becomes fufficiently strong to occafion defire, it lofes its name of emotion, and acquires that of paffion. The fame holds in all the other paffions. The painful feeling raised in a spectator by a flight injury done to a ftranger, being accompanied with no defire of revenge, is termed an emotion; but that injury raiseth in the ftranger a ftronger emotion, which being accompanied with defire of revenge, is a paffion. External expreffions of diftrefs produce in the fpectator a painful feeling, which being fometimes fo flight as to pafs away without any effect, is an emotion; but if the feeling be fo ftrong as to prompt defire of affording relief, it is a paffion, and is termed pity. Envy is emulation in excefs if the exaltation of a competitor be barely difagreeable, the painful feeling is an emotion; if it produce defire to deprefs him, it is a paffion. See PASSION.

:

vides the harbour of Breft. This rock is vifible, and Emouy. rifes feveral feet above the furface of the water.

EMOUY, or HIA MEN, an ifland and port of China, under the jurifdiction of the province of Fo

KIEN.

The port is properly but an anchoring-place for fhips, inclofed on one fide by the island from which it takes its name, and on the other by the main-land: but it is fo extenfive, that it can contain feveral thoufands of veffels; and the depth of its water is fo great, that the largest ships may lie close to the fhore without danger.

In the beginning of the prefent century it was much frequented by European veffels; but few vifit it at prefent, as all the trade is carried on at Canton. The emperor keeps here a garrifon of 6 or 7000 men, commanded by a Chinese general. In entering this road, a large rock must be doubled which stands at the mouth of it, and divides it almost as the Mingant di

The ifland of Emouy is particularly celebrated on account of the magnificence of its principal pagod, confecrated to the deity Fo. This temple is fituated in a plain, terminated on one fide by the fea, and on the other by a lofty mountain. Before it the fea, flowing through different channels, forms a large theet of water, which is bordered with turf of the moit beautiful verdure. The front of this edifice is 180 feet in length, and its gate is adorned with figures in relief, which are the ufual ornaments of the Chinese architecture. On entering, you find a vaft portico, with an altar in the middle, on which is placed a gigantic ftatue of gilt brafs, reprefenting the god Fo, fitting cross-legged. Four other ftatues are placed at the corners of this portico, which are 18 feet high, although they reprefent people fitting. Each of these ftatues is formed from a fingle block of tone. They bear in their hands different fymbols which mark their attributes, as formerly in Athens and Rome the trident and caduceus diftinguished Neptune and Mercury. One holds a ferpent in his arms, which is twifted round its body in feveral folds; the fecond has a bent bow and a quiver; the two others prefent, one a kind of battle-axe, and the other a guitar, or some inftrument of the f-me kind.

After croffing this portico, you enter a fquare outer court, paved with large gray ftones, the leaft of which is ten feet in length and four in breadth. At the four fides of this court arife four pavilions, which terminate in domes, and have a communication with one another by means of a gallery which runs quite round it. One of thefe contains a bell ten feet in diameter; the wooden-work which fupports this heavy mafs cannot be fufficiently admired. In the other is kept a drum of an enormous fize, which the bonzes ufe to proclaim the days of new and full moon. must be obferved, that the clappers of the Chinese bells are on the outfide, and made of wood in the form of a mallet. The two other pavilions contain the ornaments of the temple, and often ferve to lodge travellers, whom the bonzes are obliged to receive. In the middle of this court is a large tower, which ftands by itself, and terminates alfo in a dome, to which you afcend by a beautiful ftone ftair-cafe that winds round it. This dome contains a temple remarkably neat; the ceiling is ornamented with mofaic work, and the walls are covered with ftone figures in relief, reprefenting animals and monfters. The pillars which fupport the roof of this edifice are of wood varnished; and on feftivals are ornamented with fmall flags of different colours. The pavement of the temple is formed of little fhells, and its different compartments prefent birds, butterflies, flowers, &c.

The bonzes continually burn incenfe upon the altar, and keep the lamps lighted, which hang from the ceiling of the temple. At one extremity of the altar ftands a brazen urn, which when ftruck fends forth a mournful found: on the oppofite fide is a hollow machine of wood, of an oval form, ufed for the fame purpofe, which is to accompany with its found their voices when they fing in praife of the tutelary idol of the pagod. The god Pouffa is placed on the middle of this altar, on a flower of gilt brafs, which ferves as a base, and

holds

The bonzes have traced out on the walls of this temple feveral hieroglyphical characters in praise of Pouffa; there is alfo to be seen an historical or allegorical painting in fresco, which represents a burning lake, in which several men appear to be swimming, fome carried by monsters, others furrounded by dragons and winged ferpents. In the middle of the gulf rifes a fteep rock, on the top of which the god is feated, holding in his arms a child, who feems to call out to thofe who are in the flames of the lake; but an old man, with hanging ears and horns on his head, prevents them from climbing to the fummit of the rock, and threatens to drive them back with a large club. The bonzes are at a loss what anfwer to give, when any questions are afked them concerning this painting. Behind the altar is a kind of library, containing books which treat of the worship of idols.

On defcending from this dome you cross the court, and enter a kind of gallery, the walls of which are lined with boards; it contains 24 ftatues of gilt brass, representing the fame number of philofophers, ancient difciples of Confucius. At the end of this gallery you find a large hall, which is the refectory of the bonzes; and after having traverfed a fpacious apartment, you at length enter the temple of Fo, to which there is an afcent by a large stone staircaise. It is ornamented with vafes full of artificial flowers (a work in which the Chinese excel); and here also are found the fame kind of mufical inftruments as those mentioned before. The ftatue of the god is not to be feen but through a piece of black gauze, which forms a kind of veil or curtain before the altar. The rest of the pagod confifts of feveral large chambers, exceedingly neat, but badly difpofed; the gardens and pleasure grounds are on the declivity of the mountain; and a number of delightful grottoes are cut out in the rock, which afford an agreeable shelter from the exceffive heat of the fun.

There are several other pagods in the isle of Emouy; among which is one called The Pagod of the Ten Thoufand Stones, because it is built on the brow of a mountain where there is a like number of little rocks, under which the bonzes have formed grottoes and very plea fant covered feats. A certain rural fimplicity reigns here, which captivates and delights.

Strangers are received by these bonzes with great politeness, and may freely enter their temples; but they must not attempt to gratify their curiofity fully, nor to enter thofe apartments into which they are not introduced, especially if they are accompanied by fufpicious perfons; for the bonzes, who are forbid under pain of fevere punishment to have any intercourfe with women, and who often keep them in private, might, from fear of being discovered, revenge themselves for too impertinent a curiofity.

EMPALEMENT, an ancient kind of punishment, which confifted in thrusting a stake up the fundament. The word comes from the French empaler, or the Italian impalare; or rather, they are all alike derived from the Latin palus, "a stake," and the prepofition in, "in or into." We find mention of empaling in JuVOL. VIII. Part I.

venal. It was frequently practised in the time of Ne- Empale. ro, and continues to be fo in Turkey.

ment

Emperor.

EMPALEMENT of a flower, the fame with CALYX. ย EMPANNELLING. See IMPANELLING. EMPARLANCE. See IMPARLANCE. EMPEDOCLES, a celebrated philofopher and poet, was born at Agrigentum, a city in Sicily. He followed the Pythagorean philofophy, and admitted the metempfychofis. He conftantly appeared with a crown of gold on his head; to maintain, by this outward pomp, the reputation he had acquired of being a very extraordinary man. Yet Ariftotle fays, that he was a great lover of liberty, extremely averfe to ftate and command, and that he even refused a kingdom that was offered him. His principal work was a Treatife in verfe on the Nature and Principles of Things. Ariftotle, Lucretius, and all the ancients, make the most magnificent elogiums on his poetry and eloquence.

He taught rhetoric; and often alleviated the anxieties of his mind, as well as the pains of his body, with mufic. It is reported, that his curiofity to vifit the flames of the crater of Etna proved fatal to him. Some maintain that he wifhed it to be believed that he was a god; and that his death might be unknown, he threw himself into the crater and perished in the flames. His expectations, however, were fruftrated; and the volcano, by throwing up one of his fandals, discovered to the world that Empedocles had perifhed by fire. Others report that he lived to an extreme old age; and that he was drowned in the sea about 440 years before the Christian era.

EMPEROR, (Imperator), among the ancient Ro mans, fignified a general of an army, who, for fome extraordinary fuccefs, had been complimented with this appellation. Thus Auguftus, having obtained no lefs than twenty famous victories, was as often faluted with the title emperor; and Titus was denominated emperor by his army after the reduction of Jerufalem.

Afterwards it came to denominate an abfolute monarch or fupreme commander of an empire. In this fenfe Julius Cæfar was called emperor: the fame title defcended with the dignity to Octavius Auguftus, Tiberius, and Caligula; and afterwards it became elective.

In ftrictness, the title emperor does not, and cannot, add any thing to the rights of fovereignty its effect is only to give precedence and pre-eminence above other fovereigns; and as fuch, it raises those invested with it to the fummit of all human greatness.

It is difputed, whether or not emperors have the power of difpofing of the regal title. It is true, they have fometimes taken upon them to erect kingdoms; and thus it is that Bohemia and Poland are faid to have been raised to the dignity: thus alfo, the emperor Charles the Bald, in the year 877, gave Provence to Bofon, putting the diadem on his head, and decreeing him to be called "king," ut more prifcorum imperatorum regibus videretur dominari. Add, that the emperor Leopold erected the ducal Pruffia into a kingdom in favour of the elector of Brandenburg; and though feveral of the kings of Europe refufed for fome time to acknowledge him in that capacity, yet by the treaty of Utrecht in 1712 they all came in.

In the east, the title and quality of emperor are more frequent than they are among us; thus, the foE vereign

Emperor. vereign princes of China, Japan, Mogul, Perfia, &c. are all emperors of China, Japan, &c. In the year 1723, the czar of Muscovy affumed the title of emperor of all Ruffia, and procured himself to be recognized as fuch by most of the princes and ftates of Europe.

In the Weft, the title has been a long time reftrained to the emperors of Germany. The first who bore it was Charlemagne, who had the title of emperor conferred on him by Pope Leo III. though he had all the power before. The imperial prerogatives were formerly much more extenfive than they are at prefent. At the clofe of the Saxon race, A. D. 1024, they exercifed the right of conferring all the ecclefiaftical benefices in Germany; of receiving the revenues of them during a vacancy; of fucceeding to the effects of inteftate ecclefiaftics; of confirming or annulling the elections of the popes; of affembling councils, and of appointing them to decide concerning the affairs of the church; of conferring the title of king on their vaffals; of granting vacant fiefs; of receiving the revenues of the empire; of governing Italy as its proper fovereigns; of erecting free cities, and establishing fairs in them; of affembling the diets of the empire, and fixing the time of their duration; of coining money, and conferring the fame privilege on the ftates of the empire; and of adminiftering both high and low juftice within the territories of the different ftates: but in the year 1437, they were reduced to the right of conferring all dignities and titles, except the privilege of being a state of the empire; of preces primaria, or of appointing once during their reign a dignitary in each chapter or religious houfe; of granting difpenfations with refpect to the age of majority; of erecting cities, and conferring the privilege of coining money; of calling the meetings of the diet, and prefiding in them.

To which fome have added, 1. That all the princes and ftates of Germany are obliged to do them homage, and fwear fidelity to them. 2. That they, or their generals, have a right to command the forces of all the princes of the empire when united together. 3. That they receive a kind of tribute from all the princes and states of the empire, for carrying on a war which concerns the whole empire, which is called the Roman month. For the reft, there is not a foot of land or territory annexed to his title: but ever fince the reign of Charles IV. the emperors have depended entirely on their hereditary dominions as the only fource of their power, and even of their fubfiftence. See DIET and ELECTORS.

The kings of France were anciently alfo called emperors, at the time when they reigned with their fons, whom they affociated to the crown. Thus Hugh Capet, having affociated his fon Robert, took the title of emperor, and Robert that of king; under which titles they are mentioned in the Hiflory of the Council of Rheims, by Gerbert, &c. King Robert is alfo called emperor of the French by Helgau of Fleury. Louis le Gros, upon affociating his fon, did the fame. In the First Regifter of the King's Charters, fol. 166, are found letters of Louis le Gros, dated in 1116, in favour of Raymond bishop of Maguelonne, wherein he ftyles himself, Ludovicus, Dei ordinante providentia, Francorum imperator auguftus. The kings of England had likewife anciently the title of emperors, as ap

2

pears from a charter of King Edgar: Ego Edgarus An- Emperos glorum bafileus, omniumque regum infularum oceani quæ A Britanniam circumjacent, &'c. imperator et dominus. Empire. EMPETRUM, BERRY-BEARING HEATH; a genus of plants belonging to the monccia clafs. In the natural method this genus is ranked by Linnæus under the 54th order, Mifcellanea. See BOTANY Index.

EMPHASIS, in Rhetoric, a particular stress of the voice and action, laid on such parts or words of the oration as the orator wants to inforce upon his au dience. See DECLAMATION; ORATORY, Part IV.; and READING.

EMPHYSEMA, in Surgery, a windy tumor, ge nerally occafioned by a fracture of the ribs, and form. ed by the air infinuating itself, by a small wound, between the skin and muscles, into the fubftance of the cellular or adipofe membrane, fpreading itfelf afterwards up to the neck, head, belly, and other parts, much after the manner in which butchers blow up their veal.

EMPIRE (imperium), in political geography, a large extent of land, under the jurifdiction or government of an emperor. See EMPEROR.

In ancient history we read of four great monarchies or empires, viz. that of the Babylonians, Chaldeans, and Affyrians; that of the Medes and Perfians; that of the Greeks; and that of the Romans. The first fubfifted from the time of Nimrod, who founded it in the year of the world 1800, according to the computation of Ufher, to Sardanapalus their last king in 3257, and confequently lafted above 1450 years. The empire of the Medes commenced under Arbaces, in the year of the world 3257, and was united to that of the Babylonians and Perfians under Cyrus, in 3468, and it clofed with the death of Darius Codomannus in 3674. The Grecian empire lafted only during the reign of Alexander the Great, beginning in the year of the world 3674, and terminating with the death of this conqueror in 3681, his conquefts being divided among his captains. The Roman empire commenced with Julius Cæfar, when he was made perpetual dictator, in the year of the city 708, and of the world 3956, 48 years before Chrift. The feat of the empire was removed to Byzantium by Conftantine, in the year of our Lord 334; the east and weft were then united under the title of the Roman empire, till the Romans proclaimed Charlemagne emperor, A. D. 800. From this epocha the eaft and weft formed two feparate empires; that of the eaft, governed by Greek emperors, commenced A. D. 302: and being gradually weakened, terminated under Conftantine Palæologus in 1453. The western empire was afterwards known by the appellation of the empire, or German empire.

Antiquaries diftinguish between the medals of the upper, and lower or bas, empire.-The curious only value thofe of the upper empire, which commences with Cæfar or Auguftus, and ends in the year of Chrift 260. The lower empire comprehends near 1200 years, reckoning down to the deftruction of Conftantinople in 1453. They ufually diftinguish two ages, or periods, of the lower empire: the first beginning where the upper ends, viz. with Aurelian, and ending with Aanftafius, including 200 years; the fecond beginning with Anaftafius, and ending with the Palæologi, which includes 1000 years.

EMPIRE,