Hedonistic Theories from Aristippus to Spencer, เล่มที่ 20J. Maclehose & sons, 1895 - 248 หน้า |
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absolute action adjustment of acts admit affirms animal Aristippus Athens atoms attained Attica Bentham body called character common complete consciousness consequences constitutions of Greece Cyrenaics Democritus deny deny law desire for pleasure desire pleasure distinction doubt Epicurean Epicurus evil evolution existence external feeling of pleasure form of society freedom greatest pleasure Greek happiness hedonism hedonistic Hence Herbert Spencer higher Hobbes Hume idea ideal impulse individual intensity John Stuart Mill justice knowledge living Locke Locke's Lucretius man's means ment Mill mind moral motive movements nature ness object one's organism passions perfect person Plato pleasure and pain pleasure or pain principle private ethics Protagoras punishment purely realization reason regard religion satisfaction scepticism secure seek selfish sensations sense simply social Socrates Sophists soul Spencer sympathy tendency theory theory of conduct things thinkers thought Thrasymachus tion true uncon Utilitarianism vidual virtue whole
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หน้า 30 - No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness. This, however, being a fact, we have not only all the proof which the case admits of, but all which it is possible to require, that happiness is a good : that each 288 person's happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons.
หน้า 161 - But there is no known Epicurean theory of life which does not assign to the pleasures of the intellect, of the feelings and imagination, and of the moral sentiments, a much higher value as pleasures than to those of mere sensation.
หน้า 139 - By the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words, to promote or to oppose that happiness.
หน้า 166 - The only proof capable of being given that an object is visible, is that people actually see it. The only proof that a sound is audible, is that people hear it: and so of the other sources of our experience. In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence it is possible to produce that anything is desirable, is that people do actually desire it.
หน้า 162 - Few human creatures would consent to be changed into any of the lower animals for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast's pleasures; no intelligent human being would consent to be a fool, no instructed person would be an ignoramus, no person of feeling and conscience would be selfish and base, even though they should be persuaded that the fool, the dunce, or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot than they are with theirs.
หน้า 122 - Reason is, and ought only to be, the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.
หน้า 160 - ... pleasure, and freedom from pain, are the only things desirable as ends; and that all desirable things (which are as numerous in the utilitarian as in any other scheme) are desirable either for the pleasure inherent in themselves, or as means to the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of pain.
หน้า 195 - ... requirement is that the lifesustaining actions of each shall severally bring him the amounts and kinds of advantage naturally achieved by them ; and this implies firstly that he shall suffer no direct aggressions on his person or property, and secondly that he shall suffer no indirect aggressions by breach of contract. Observance of these negative conditions to voluntary co-operation having facilitated life to the greatest extent by exchange of services under agreement, life is to be further...
หน้า 160 - The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.
หน้า 2 - THE flower that smiles to-day To-morrow dies; All that we wish to stay Tempts and then flies. What is this world's delight? Lightning that mocks the night, Brief even as bright.