Problem-solving Therapy: A Social Competence Approach to Clinical Intervention

adaptive addition alternative solutions anxiety appraisal approach assessment behavior behavior rehearsal cancer cancer patients caregivers Clinical Psychology clinically depressed cognitive cognitive restructuring Cognitive Therapy college students Community Psychology component control group D'Zurilla daily problems definition and formulation depression effective problem-solving emotional distress evaluation example facilitate focused follow-up group members Heppner important improved individual interpersonal involves Lazarus lem-solving maladaptive Meichenbaum MEPS negative problem orientation Nezu Parnes participants perceived person positive problem orientation posttreatment present prob problem definition problem-solving goal problem-solving performance problem-solving process problem-solving skills problem-solving training problematic situation PST group PST program psychiatric psychological psychopathology randomly assigned ratings real-life reduce relationship relevant scores self-efficacy self-esteem sessions significant significantly social competence social problem solving social problem-solving ability solution alternatives solution implementation solution outcome solver specific Spivack SPSI SPSI-R strategy subjects suicidal ideation task therapist therapy tion tive treatment variables well-being