FIGURE PLATE 288 A Ruin at Laodicea (after Ramsay)..... 106 289 A Bridge over the Jordan on the Line of a Roman Road. 106 290 Fragment of a Creation-Tablet.... 107 291 Assyrian Sacred Tree Conventionalized... 107 292 Hammurapi Receiving the Laws from the Sun-God. 107 293 The So-called Adam and Eve Seal. . . . . . 107 294 A Tablet from Nippur, Relating the Beginnings of Irrigation and 298 Sennacherib Receiving Tribute at Lachish (after Ball). 299 An Altar to Unknown Gods (after Deissmann). 300 The Moabite Stone.... 109 110 110 301 Papyrus Containing Sayings of Jesus (after Grenfell and Hunt). 111 MAPS Map of Egypt to First Cataract. Map of the Ancient World.. Map of Palestine.... Map of Jerusalem in the Time of the Jebusites and David.. Map of Solomon's Jerusalem... Map of Jerusalem from Hezekiah to the Exile. ] in translations of tablets indicate words supplied where not de cipherable. in translations of tablets indicate missing line or words which cannot be supplied. INTRODUCTION ONE who would write on archæology and the Bible must at the outset define the scope of his undertaking, for the word archæology conveys different meanings to different people. Judgments also differ as to how things ancient can best serve the interests of the Biblical student. To many the word archæology calls up visions of ancient pottery, jewelry, swords, utensils, etc., which are valued as objects of curiosity simply because they are old. Others, when they think of archæology, call to mind excavations, in which the walls of ancient temples and cities are laid bare, so that we may see how men lived in other days. To such, archæology is identical with antiquarianism. A book on archæology and the Bible written from this point of view would confine itself to the way in which texts of Scripture are illustrated or illumined by antiquarian objects. To still others the word archæology calls up ancient tablets or papyri, inscribed with hieroglyphics or some other strange characters, from which the initiated can decipher texts that prove the truth of one's views of Scripture. According to this view, archæology is the science of ancient documents, and a book dealing with archæology and the Bible should confine itself to the discussion of documents which confirm or illustrate the Biblical text. Those who hold either of these views of archæology will find in this book much that will accord with their expectations, but much also that will seem to them irrelevant. In Part I, Chapters IV, VI-XII deal with antiquities, their discovery, and the light which these shed upon the inspired page, for antiquarianism is a part of archæology. Portions of Part I are devoted to the discovery of inscribed objects; in Part II the reader will find a full presentation of the bearing of these upon the different parts of the Sacred Volume. Those who hold the second of the views mentioned above will not, therefore, be disappointed. Neither of the views mentioned corresponds, however, with the limits of archæology. Archæology is "that branch of knowledge which takes cognizance of past civilizations, and investigates their history in all fields, by means of the remains of art, architecture, monuments, inscriptions, literature, language, implements, customs, and all other examples which have survived." This definition is accepted by the writer of this work and has guided him in the preparation of the following pages. It has, of course, been impossible in one volume to deal adequately with the antiquities and the ancient documents and to treat fully the history of the civilizations of the Biblical countries, but an endeavor has been made to place the reader in possession of an intelligent point of view with reference to these things. As the physical structure of a country determines to a large degree the nature of its buildings, the utensils employed by its inhabitants, their writing materials, and their relations with other peoples, as well as the way the objects were preserved from ancient to modern times,-brief descriptions of the physical features of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Palestine, the three most prominent of Biblical countries, have been introduced. Our knowledge of the early history of Egypt and Babylonia has come almost wholly from archæological exploration; it has seemed fitting, therefore, to introduce in Part I, Chapter I, § 6, and Chapter II, § 6, brief sketches of the history of these countries. This appeared all the more necessary since the inhabitants of these two countries worked out, in advance of any other peoples, the initial problems of civilization. Palestine borrowed from them both, so that it is impossible to understand the history and archæology of Palestine apart from Egyptian and Babylonian antecedents. Whenever it is possible the reader should supplement these sketches by reference to the larger works cited in the notes. Similarly in Part I, Chapter V, an outline of the history of Palestine from the earliest times is presented. To some this may seem unnecessary, since centuries of that history passed before the Hebrew people came to the country, but it is hoped that every reader will be glad to know the various vicissitudes through which passed the land that was chosen by God as the home of the religious leaders of the human race. This history also gives emphasis to the promise "to give thee great and goodly cities, which thou buildedst not, and houses full of all good things, which thou filledst not, and cisterns hewn out, which thou hewedst not, vineyards and olivetrees, which thou plantedst not" (Deut. 6: 10, 11). Some, too, may be surprised that the chronologies of Egypt and 1 Century Dictionary, edition of 1903, Vol. I, p. 293. |