The quotations of Scripture passages throughout are from the American Standard Revised Version.

If this volume should bring to some remote worker or secluded young person a tithe of the inspiration and joy that such a book would have brought the writer in the rural home of his boyhood, he would ask no higher reward for the labor it has cost.

BRYN MAWR, Pa.

MAY, 1916.

GEORGE A. BARTON.

II.

The Land. The Preservation of Antiquities. Egyptian Dis-

coveries. Decipherment. Chronology. Outline of the History.

Egyptian Discoveries which bear on the Bible.

BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA...

The Land. The Preservation of Antiquities. The Discovery

of Antiquities. The Decipherment of the Inscriptions. Chro-

nology. Outline of the History. Discoveries which illumine the

Bible.

III. THE HITTITES..

Hittite Monuments. Hittite De-

A Forgotten Empire.

cipherment. Hittite History.

40

68

IV. PALESTINE AND ITS EXPLORATION.

The Land. Early Exploration. Early American Explora-

tions. Palestine Exploration Fund. The German Palestine

Society. The American School at Jerusalem. Samaria. Par-

ker's Excavations at Jerusalem. Latest Excavations.

V. OUTLINE OF PALESTINE'S ARCHEOLOGICAL HISTORY..

The Early Stone Age. The Late Stone Age. The Amorites.

The Canaanites. Egyptian Domination. The Philistines.

The Hebrews. Philistine Civilization. The Hebrew King-

doms. The Exile and After. The Coming of Rome. Later

History.

VI. THE CITIES OF PALESTINE.

83

103

123

Their Sites. The Walls. The Stone Work. Houses. Palaces.

Foundation Sacrifices. City Gates. Water Supply.

132

141

VII. ROADS AND AGRICULTURE.

VIII. POTTERY...

Importance of Pottery. Pre-Semitic Pottery. First Semitic

Pottery to 1800 B. C. Pottery of Second Semitic Period. Third

Semitic Period. Israelitish or Fourth Semitic Period. Hellen-

istic Period.

IX. UTENSILS AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.

149

CHAPTER

X. MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEY....

Measures. Weights. Inscribed Weights. Money.

XI. HIGH PLACES AND TEMPLES..

A Sanctuary of the Pre-Semitic Cave-Dwellers. A Rock-Altar

at Megiddo. A Rock-Altar at Jerusalem. High Place at Tell

es-Safi. High Place at Gezer. At Taanach. High Places at

Petra. A Supposed Philistine Temple. At Megiddo. The

Temple to Augustus at Samaria.

XII. THE TOMBS OF PALESTINE..

Burning the Dead. Cave Burials. Cistern Burial. Burial

under Menhirs. Earth-Graves. Rock-Hewn Shaft Tombs.

Doorway Tombs. Tombs with a Rolling-Stone.

XIII. JERUSALEM..

Solomon's Jerusalem.

From Hezekiah to the

The Second Temple.

Situation. Gihon. Cave-Dwellers. The El-Amarna Period.

Jebusite Jerusalem. The City of David.

From Solomon to Hezekiah. Hezekiah.

Exile. The Destruction of 586 B. C.

Nehemiah and the Walls. Late Persian and Early Greek Periods.

In the Time of the Maccabees. Asmonæan Jerusalem. Herod

the Great. The Pool of Bethesda. Gethsemane. Calvary.

Agrippa I and the Third Wall.

XIV. THE DECAPOLIS..

Origin. Damascus. Scythopolis. Cities East of the Sea of

Galilee. Gadara. Pella and Dion. Gerasa. Philadelphia.

Jesus in the Decapolis.

XV. ATHENS, CORINTH, AND THE CHURCHES OF ASIA..

PAGE

158

167

179

185

213

219

PART II

CHAPTER

PAGE

I. AN EPIC OF THE CREATION WHICH CIRCULATED IN BABYLON AND

ASSYRIA IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY B. C..

235

Text of the Epic. Comparison of the Epic with the First

Chapter of Genesis. The Epic and Other Parts of the Bible.

II. ANOTHER ACCOUNT OF THE CREATION FOUND AT BABYLON.......

Text of the Account. Comparison of it with Genesis 2.

255

III. THE BABYLONIAN SABBATH..

258

Feast of Marduk and Zarpanit. A Day called Shabatum.

A Day in Some Tablets at Yale.

IV. THE LEGEND OF ADAPA AND THE FALL OF MAN..

260

Comparison with Genesis 3. The Adapa Myth.

V. THE PATRIARCHS BEFORE THE FLOOD.....

264

Babylonian Long-Lived Kings. Comparison with Genesis 5.

Comparison with Genesis 4.

Comparison with the List of

Berossos.

CHAPTER

VI. A BABYLONIAN ACCOUNT OF THE FLOOD, From a Tablet WRIT-

TEN AT NINEVEH IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY B. C.......

Translation of the Text. Comparison with Genesis 6-9.

Another Babylonian Version.

VII. AN ACCOUNT OF THE CREATION AND FLOOD, FROM A TABLET

WRITTEN AT NIPPUR BEFORE 2000 B. C...

Translation. Comparison with the Other Version.

VIII. AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF A CITY AND THE BEGINNING

OF AGRICULTURE, FROM A TABLET WRITTEN AT NIPPUR

BEFORE 2000 B. C......

Translation. Comparison with Biblical Material.

IX. ABRAHAM AND ARCHEOLOGY.

PAGE

273

278

283

290

Abraham hired an Ox. Abraham leased a Farm. Abra-

ham paid his Rent. Who was this Abraham? Travel

between Babylonia and Palestine. Hammurapi, King of the

Westland. Kadur-Mabug. Kings supposed by some to be

those of Genesis 14.

X. JACOB AND JOSEPH.

Appearances of these Names in Babylonian and Egyptian

Records. "The Tale of the Two Brothers"; its Bearing on

the Story of Joseph in Genesis. Letters to a Ruler like

Joseph. The Seven Years of Famine. Inscription showing

Preparation for Famine.

XI. PALESTINE IN THE PATRIARCHAL AGE.

The Tale of Sinuhe. Communication between Egypt and

Palestine.

XII. MOSES AND THE EXODUS.

299

307

310

The Legend of Sargon of Agade; its Resemblance to the

Story of Moses. The Pillar of Merneptah; the Only Appear-

ance of the Name "Israel" outside of the Bible.

XIII. THE CODE OF HAMMURAPI AND THE PENTATEUCH..

313

The Text of the Code; Resemblance to and Contrast with the

Mosaic Code. The Mosaic Code not borrowed from the

Babylonian; Different Underlying Conceptions.

XIV. AN ALLEGED PARALLEL TO LEVITICUS A CARTHAGINIAN LAW

CONCERNING SACRIFICES..

342

The Text of the Carthaginian Law. Comparison with the

Levitical Law.

XV. SOME LETTERS FROM PALESTINE.

344

Letters of Rib-Adda of Gebal. Of Ebed-Hepa of Jerusalem.

Their Light on Conditions in the Period of the Egyptian

Domination of Palestine.

352

XVI. DOCUMENTS FROM THE TIME OF ISRAEL'S JUDGES..

Report of Wenamon. Its Illustration of Certain Points of

Biblical History about the Time of Deborah or Gideon. Refer-

ence to the Philistines.