Shabaṭu Addâru1 of Adad, governor (?) of heaven and earth. of the seven gods, of the great gods. Second Addâru: of Ashur, father of the gods. 1 Addaru means "dark," "gloomy." (arhu) šabatu (arbu) addâru ša (ilu) Adad ašâridu šame(e) u irșitim (arhu) magrú (ša) addâri ša Ašur a-bi ilâni 4. THE DOCTRINE OF SUBSTITUTION A1 To the wise man he spoke:2 A lamb (?) is a substitute for a man, A lamb he gives for his life, The head of the lamb he gives for the head of the man, A fragment in Sumerian and Assyrian published IV R., 26, No. 6, and again in the 2d edition, 26, No. 6, with some duplicates in the Additions and Corrections, p. 5. A more complete edition in Cuneiform Texts, xvii, p. 37. Translated by Zimmern in Schrader, Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, 3te Auf., p. 597, and by Ungnad in Gressmann, Altorientalische Texte und Bilder, p. 101. 2 The preceding part is unintelligible, but the god Ea is mentioned, as he is also at the end (see line 15 of the text below). From the fragmentary ends of the lines shown below it is plain that it enumerated some other part of the body in the next line, perhaps the feet, which are mentioned in a ritual text in Cuneiform Texts, iv, p. 4. 1 abgal-e dúg nam-mi-in-de 2 ana ab-kal-li is-si-ma 3 máš nig-sag-il-la nam-lù-găl-lu-ge 4 ú-ri-su nigsagillû ša a-me-lu-ti 5 máš zi-a-ni-šú ba-an-sig 6 u-ri-șa ana na-piš-ti-šù it-ta-din 7 sag-maš sag-galu-šú ba-an-sig 8 kak-kad u-ri-și ana kak-kad ameli it-ta-din 9 tig-maš tig-galu-šú ba-an-sig 10 ki-šad ú-ri-şi ana ki-šad ameli it-ta-din 11 gab-máš gab-galu-šú ba-an-sig 12 ir-ti ú-ri-și ana ir-ti ameli it-ta-din 13 [. 14 [. 15 16 17 .] ba-an-sig it-ta-din A somewhat similar set of ideas appears in the treaty made between Mati-el, of Arpad, and Ashur-nirari, king of Assyria (754-745 B. C.). The following are the significant lines. After the treaty had been arranged a ram is sacrificed, which represents Mati-el, the different parts of its body standing severally for the corresponding parts of his. Text not published, transliteration and translation by Peiser, Studien zur orientalischen Altertumskunde, Mittheilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gessellschaft, 1898, No. 6, pp. 228ff. Compare Zimmern in Schrader, Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, 3te Âuf., p. 597. This head is not the head of the ram It is the head of Mati-el The head of his children, his nobles, the people of his land. If Mati-el break this covenant As the head of this ram is cut off The head of Mati-el shall be cut off A partial parallel to the scapegoat which was sent away to Azazel in the wilderness (Lev. 16. 8, 10, 20-22, 26) is found in the sheep slain for purification of the temple and then the body cast into the river. The parallel is by no means perfect, but it has certain of the same features. 1 Published, transliterated, and translated by Dhorme, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale, viii, pp. 41f. REVERSE: 10 The Irrishu shall give the order and cut off the head of the sheep. With the body of the sheep the Mashmashu shall purify the temple. He shall recite the incantations to exorcise the temple. He shall purify all the naos in its circumference, then shall he take away the platter. The Mashmashu shall carry away the body of the sheep, 15 And shall place it in the river Na-la, at evening. And cast into the river the body of the sheep. He shall depart into the country. The Irrishu, the head of the sheep The Mashmashu and the Irrishu shall depart into the country. All that Which belongs to Nabu, lord of Babylon, they shall not introduce into Babylon. 20 From the fifth to the twelfth day, they shall remain in the country. 10 (amêlu) irrišu iķabbi-ma kakkad immeri i-bat-tak-ma ina pag-ri immeri (amêlu) maš-maš bîta ú-kap-par sipâti ša túm-mu biti i-man-nu pab-pah gab-bi adi sihir-ti-šu i-hap-ma niknakku ipaṭṭar pag-ri immeri šu-a-tim (amêlu) maš-maš i-na-aš-ši-ma 15 ana (nâru) Na-la pâni-šu ana erêb Šamši išakkan-ma pag-ri immeri šu-a-tú ana nâri inad-di ana şêri ussi (amêlu) irrišu ķakkad immeri KIMIN (amêlu) maš-maš u (amêlu) irrišu ana şêri ussû ma-la ša (ilu) Nabû bêl Bâbili (ki) ana Bâbili (ki) lâ ušêrabû 20 ištu ûmi V adi ûmi XII (kam) ina şeri uššabû |