"In the country two gods have vanished; therefore am I clad In mourning garments." "Who are the two gods, who have vanished from the land?" 45 "Tammuz and Gishzida." They looked at one another and Were astonished. When Adapa before Anu, the king, "Come hither, Adapa. Why hast thou broken the Of the South wind?" Adapa answered Anu: "My lord, 50 For the house of my lord in the midst of the sea, I was catching fish. The sea was like a mirror (?), The South wind blew, and capsized me. To the house of the lord was I driven (?) In the anger of my heart, I took heed (?)" [. . .]. Tammuz and Gishzida 55 Answered [. "art thou (?) To Anu They speak. He calmed himself, his heart was [. . .] "Why has Ea revealed to impure mankind The heart of heaven and earth? A heart 60 What can we do with him? Food of life i-na ma-ti i-lu še-e-na ha-al-ku-ma a-na-ku ka-ar-ra la-ab-ša-ku ma-an-nu i-lu š[i-]na ša i-na ma-a-ti ha-al-ku 45 (ilu) Dumu-zi (ilu) Giš-zi-da a-ha-mi-iš ip-pa-al-su-ma is-si-ni-ih-hu(m) A-da-pa a-na pa-ni (ilu) A-ni šar-ri i-na ki-ri-bi-šu i-mu-ur-šu-ma (ilu) A-nu il-si-ma al-ka(m) A-da-pa am-mi-ni ša šu-u-ti ka-ap-pa-ša te-e-eš-bi-ir(m) A-da-pa (ilu) a-na ip-pa-al be-li 50 a-na bi-it be-li-ia i-na ga-a-ab-la-at ta-am-ti nu-ni a-ba-ar ta-am-ta i-na mi-še-li in-ši-il-ma šu-ú-tu i-zi-ga-am-ma ia-a-ši uț-ți-ib-ba-an-ni [a-n]a bi-it be-li ul-ta-am-și-il i-na ug-ga-at li-ib-bi-ia šla at-ta-sa-ar ip-pa-lu i-da š[u (ilu) Du] m[u-zi] 55 [u] (ilu) Giš-zi-da [. zu rat-ta a-na (ilu) A-ni i-ga-ab-bu-ú it-tu-uh li-ib-ba-šu iz-za am-mi-ni (ilu) E-a a-mi-lu-ta la ba-ni-ta ša ša-me-e u ir-si-e-ti ú-ki-il-li-in-ši li-ib-ba ka-ap-ra iš-ku-un-šu šu-ú-[m]a i-te-pu-us-su 60 ni-nu mi-na-a ni-ip-pu-us-su a-ka-al ba-la-ți at Bring him, that we may eat." Food of life Water of life Oil They brought him, but he drank not. Garments They brought him. He clothed himself. 65 They brought him. He anointed himself. Anu looked at him; he wondered (?) at him. "Come, Adapa, why hast thou not eaten, not 70 Take him and bring him back to his earth. li-ga-ni-šu-um-ma li-kul [a-k]a-al ba-la-ți id-gu-ul-šu-ma (ilu) A-nu is-si-ih i-na mu-hi-šu 70 li-i-ga-šu-m[a te-i]r-ra-šu a-na ga-ga-ri-šu [.. id-glu-ul-[šu] IV. PRIMITIVE REVELATION AND THE EARLY KINGS1 1. PRIMITIVE REVELATION In Babylon there was a great number of men, of different races, who had settled Chaldea. They lived in an uncivilized manner, like beasts (Syn. 50, 12). 1 Our only source of information concerning these Babylonian myths and legends is Berossos, a Babylonian priest under Antiochus Soter (281-262 B. C.), fragments of whose work have been preserved by Josephus and Eusebius, the latter having them at second hand from Alexander Polyhistor and Apollodorus. The passage here quoted, which rests partly upon Georgius Syncellus, is published in Eusebii Chronicorum Liber Prior, edidit Alfred Schöne (Berlin, 1875), col. 14f. Ἐν δὲ τῇ Βαβυλῶνι πολὺ πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων γενέσθαι ἀλλοεθνῶν κατοικι σάντων τὴν Χαλδαίαν· ζῆν δὲ αὐτοὺς ἀτάκτως, ὥσπερ τὰ θηρία (Syn. 50, 12). In the first year1 there appeared from the Red Sea, at the place where it borders upon Babylonia, an intelligent being, by name Cannes, as also Apollodorus has narrated, having, as to the whole, the body of a fish, but underneath the head there had grown another3 head (underneath the head of the fish) and feet likewise of a man, had grown from the tail of the fish. He had a human voice, and a picture of him is even yet preserved. This being, they say, spent the day with men, taking no nourishment, and gave men knowledge of letters and numbers and many arts, and taught them the settlement of cities, the founding of temples, and introduction of laws and the survey of land, and he explained seeds and the harvesting of crops, and all things together which relate to the civilized life he taught men. From that day nothing else remarkable has been found out (Syn. 51, 2). When the sun went down this being, Oannes, went again into the sea, and spent the nights in the sea, for he was amphibious. Later there appeared also two others like him, concerning whom, they say, he (i. e., 1 The first year after the settlement of Chaldea. * Read έμφρον instead of ἄφρενον as conjectured by Gutschmid. • Gutschmid conjectures “human” and probably correctly; see the human feet below. Ἐν δὲ τῷ πρώτῳ ἐνιαυτῷ φανῆναι ἐκ τῆς ερυθρᾶς θαλάσσης κατὰ τὸν ὁμοροῦντα τόπον τῇ Βαβυλωνίᾳ ζῶον ἀφραίνον ὀνόματι Ωάνην, καθὼς καὶ Απολλόδωρος ιστόρησε, τὸ μὲν ὅλον σῶμα ἔχον ἰχθύος, ὑπὸ δὲ τὴν κεφαλὴν παραπεφυκυίαν ἄλλην κεφαλὴν ὑποκάτω τῆς τοῦ ἰχθύος κεφαλῆς, καὶ πόδας ὁμοίως ἀνθρώπου, παραπεφυκότας δὲ ἐκ τῆς οὐρᾶς τοῦ ἰχθύος· εἶναι δὲ αὐτῷ φωνὴν ἀνθρώπου, την δὲ εἰκόνα αὐτοῦ ἔτι καὶ νῦν διαφυλάσεσθαι. Τοῦτο δὲ, φησὶ, τὸ ζῶον τὴν μὲν ἡμέραν διατρίβειν μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, οὐδεμίαν τροφὴν προσφερόμενον, παραδιδόναι τε τοῖς ἀνθρώποις γραμμάτων καὶ μαθημάτων καὶ τεχνῶν παντοδαπῶν ἐμπειρίαν, καὶ πόλεων συνοικισμούς καὶ ἱερῶν ἱδρύσεις καὶ νόμων εισηγήσεις καὶ γεωμετρίαν διδάσκειν, καὶ σπέρ ματα καὶ καρπῶν συναγωγὰς ὑποδεικνύναι, καὶ συνόλως πάντα τὰ πρὸς ἡμέρω. σιν ἀνήκοντα βίου παραδιδόναι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις· ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ χρόνου ἐκείνου οὐδὲν ἄλλο περισσὸν εὑρεθῆναι (Syn. 51, 2). Τοῦ δὲ ἡλίου δύναντος τὸ ζῶον τουτονὶ Ὠάννην δῦναι πάλιν εἰς τὴν θάλασ σαμ, καὶ τὰς νύκτας ἐν τῷ πελάγει διαιτάσθαι· εἶναι γὰρ αὐτὸν ἀμφίβιον· ὕστερον δὲ φανῆναι καὶ ἕτερα ζῶα ὅμοια τούτῳ, περὶ ὧν ἐν τῇ τῶν βασιλέων Berossus) gives information in the book of the Kings. But Oannes wrote concerning the creation and concerning citizenship, and gave the treatise to men (Syn. 51, 16). ἀναγραφῇ φησι δηλώσειν· τὸν δὲ Ωάννην περὶ γενεᾶς καὶ πολιτείας γράψαι καὶ παραδοῦναι τόνδε τὸν λόγον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις (Syn. 61, 16) 2. THE EARLY KINGS1 These things has Berossus narrated, that the first king was Alorus, from Babylon, a Chaldean; he ruled ten sars2 (Syncellus 71, 3). When, he says, Alorus was dead his son Alaparus reigned three sars, and after Alaparus Almelon,' a Chaldean from the state Pautibiblon reigned thirteen sars. After Almelon Ammenon5 a Chaldean from Parmibiblon® reigned twelve sars. In those days there appeared a certain being from the Red Sea, whom they call Idotion,' whose form was that of a man and of a fish. And after him Amegalarus of the city of Pautibiblon reigned eighteen sars. After this was Daonus, a shepherd of the city of Pautibiblon; he also reigned ten sars. 1 Published op. cit., p. 7f. The text here cited is the Armenian in Schoene's Latin version, which differs somewhat from the Greek and is apparently better preserved. 2 A sar= = 3,600 years. Alaparus, also Alaporus, Alaprus has been compared with Adapa or Adamu. * The Greek text reads more correctly 'Aun2wv, which is the Babylonian amêlu-man; compare Enos = man, Gen. 5. 6. b Babylonian, prob. ummânu= craftsman, so Hommel. A mistake for Pautibiblon. 7 The Greek text here reads [τὸν μυσαρόν Ωαννην] τὸν ̓Αννήδωτον. Abydenus has δεύτερον Ανήδωτον, meaning thereby to make Oannes the first Annedotus. Ταῦτα μὲν ὁ βηρωσσὸς ἱστορησε, πρῶτον γενέσθαι βασιλέα "Αλωρον ἐκ Βαβυλῶνος Χαλδαῖον· βασιλεῦσαι δὲ σάρους δέκα . . . (Syn. 71, 3). Quum, inquit, obiisset Alorus, regnavit filius ejus Alaparus saros iii. et post Alaparum Almelon es Chaldaeis e civitate Pautibiblon regnavit saros xiii. Post Almelonem autem Ammenonem ex Chaldaeis e Parmibiblon (ait) regnasse saros xii. In ejus diebus apparuisse bestiam quandam e mari rubro, quam Idotion vocant, cujus forma erat hominis et piscis. Atque posteum Amegalarum ex Pautibiblon urbe regnasse (tradit) saros xviii. Post hunc vero Daonum Pastorem fuisse ex urbe Pautibiblon; eum quoque regnasse saros X. Under him again from the Red Sea came forth four Sirens, who, in like manner, appeared having the appearance of man and of fish. And thereafter Edoranchus2 of the state of Pautibiblon held rule eighteen sars. Under him again from the Red Sea there appeared a certain other being, like fish and man, whose name was Odakon. All these he (i. e., Berossus) says were both collectively and singly sent forth by Oannes. Thereupon Amenphsinus, a Chaldean of Lanchara, held rule, and he reigned ten sars. Then Otiartes,' a Chaldean of Lanchara, held rule; and he also reigned eight sars. When Otiartes was dead, his son Xisuthros reigned eighteen sars. Under him occurred the great flood. All these together make ten kings and one hundred and twenty sars. 1 The Greek text reads 'Λννηδώτων τετράδα. 2 Gr. Evedúpaxoç. This is the Babylonian Enmeduranki, who was the founder of the sorcerer's art, which he received directly from Shamash and Adad, as appears in the following fragmentary text published by Zimmern (Beiträge zur Kenntris der babl. Religion, pp. 116ff.): "Into the hand of Enmeduranki, king of Sippar, darling of Anu, Bel and Ea, gave Shamash in Ebarra, Shamash and Adad together, Shamash and Adad, Shamash and Adad upon the golden throne; to look upon oil and water [that is, to divine thereby] the secret of Anu, Bel and Ea, the written tablet of the gods, the leathern pouch [compare Exod. 25. 7, the pouch for the Urim and Thummim, 'breastplate'] of the mystery of Heaven and Earth, the cedar staff beloved of the great gods." " This must be the Babylonian Amel-Sin, "man of Sin,' a sage of Ur, whose name is connected with nisirtu secrets in a still unpublished text in the British Museum. K. 8080, compare Bezold's Catalogue and Zimmern in Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, 3rd edition, p. 537. Otiartes should be corrected into Opartes, Babylonian Ubara Tutu. The Babylonian form is Atra-khasis, "the very wise," which becomes, by transposition Khasis-Atra, from which is derived the Greek Xisuthros. Sub eo iterum e mari rubro (egerssas) quatuor Sirenes eadem ratione hominis et piscis speciem habentes apparuisse. Ac deinde Edoranchum ex Pautibiblon civitate imperium habuisse saros xviii, sub eoque rursum e mari rubro comparuisse aliud quoddam (monstrum), pisci et homini simile, cui nomen vocabatur Odacon. Haec omnia (sc. monstra) ait, ab Oane summatim singillatim exposita esse. Et postea imperium habuisse Amenphsinum Chaldaeum e Lancharis, eumque regnasse saros x; deinde vero imperium habuisse Otiartem Chaldaeum e Lancharis; et eum quoque regnasse saros viii. Otiarte vero defuncto, filium ejus Xisuthrum regnasse saros xviii; sub eo magnum diluvium factum fuisse. Omnes conjunctim fiunt reges x. sari cxx. |