moreover, on the automatic action of the mind in certain cases, and concludes by drawing attention to the practical results of the psychological knowledge gained from acquaintance with these phenomena. The last article, entitled: Concerning Paltry Imitations,' is by the well-known philosopher, Vladimir Solovieff. The article opens by enquiring, What is the character of true and genuine Christianity? In the second part the author endeavours to answer this question. All agree that real and genuine Christianity are the doctrines preached by the Founder of our religion. But when men come to agree on the Gospel as preached by Christ, they immediately differ as to wherein true religion consists. Some see the essence of Christianity in the opposition to evil; others in submission to the ecclesiastical powers, a third in miracle, a fourth in the separation of the Divine from the worldly, etc., etc. For all these beliefs more or less quotations may be made from Holy Scripture proving by supposition the truth that such and such a view of Christianity is the only real and true system. But it is so really when we consult the preaching of Christ, as understood by His disciples, that we are to understand the doctrine of Christ in opposition to evil; submission to the ecclesiastical powers; certainly it is not in these but in the announcement of the good news of the Kingdom of God. M. Solovieff gives a lengthened series of passages to prove this and discourses also on the relation of the Son to the Father, etc. As to wherein consists the Kingdom of God, the author holds the following:-the Kingdom is within us and is manifested without, but lives and grows in humanity and moves forward by freely subjecting the will to its power. To worshippers of the letter, all this may seem contradictory but to those who have the mind of Christ, this is united in one common and universal definition according to which the Kingdom of God is the full realisation of the Union of the Divine, with man's nature, through the God-man Jesus Christ; or in other words, the fulness of the natural human life, united through Christ with the fulness of God. The whole is eminently worthy of translation as showing how these high subjects appear to the fresh minds of Eastern Europe more especially as exemplified in the great powers of Vladimir Solovieff! A special section is occupied by a dissertation on the 'Ontology of Hegel,' by M. N. P. Hilaroff Platonoff.— The second article in this special section is 'On the Influence of Fatigue in the reception of Space-Relations,' by Nuk Marin; and the third an article by Professor Grote, the editor, Fundamental Moments in the developments of Modern Philosophy,' an abridgement of the author's lectures on the Philosophy of the

17th and 18th centuries. The rest of the number is taken up by reviews of books and bibliography.

ITALY.

LA NUOVA ANTOLOGIA (July, August, September).—After an article by D. Comparetti on Aristotle's Constitution of Athens,' we have in the June numbers the close of Professor Barzelotti's interesting essay on 'Mystic and Pagan Italy,' in which he shows that after Christian mysticism had been revived by Savonarola among a people saturated with corrupt paganism, mysticism finally died with the last of the piagnoni, who was killed or beheaded at the siege of Florence.-P. Antonelli contributes some very interesting notes on the Italian possessions in Africa, deprecating half-measures and indecision, which only arouse distrust in the native rulers, who are by no means savages, but capable of reasoning. The Government ought to aim at connecting the interests of the natives with the interests of Italy. An essay by Professor Chiarini on Lord Byron, enters into the politics and literature of the early part of the present century. Signor Bonghi discusses the authority of the Presidents of the Chambers from the disciplinary point of view.-Professor Villari concludes his paper, 'Is History a Science?' by seeking to establish the fact that there is great need of a general, moral, and intellectual improvement, which would afford a fitting soil for the new science and faith beginning to be felt in many parts of modern literature, and that the Italians most need to cultivate such improvement. It was Italy's glory to initiate the Renaissance, and Italians will most inherit its effects. Political faith was what saved Italy from commencing corruption, but even that is not sufficient for a free and civilized people, which needs besides an ideal, which science and literature ought to restore within the hearts of the nation.-L. Ferri gives an account of the Platonic Academy, instituted in Florence by Cosimo dei Medici.-There is a further instalment of C. Baer's The Kingdom of Italy and the German Empire from 1814 to 1870.-P. Mantegazza reviews Fatigue,' by A. Mosso; and Professor Valenti writes on Co-operation and Property.'-In the August numbers C. Paoli describes A Republican Faction in Siena in the Fourteenth Century,' and A. Valentini the Galleries of Art in Rome.'Under the title of The Damnation of Tolstoi,' G. Boglietti describes the apostolic work of that writer.-A. Ferraioli gives a statistical account of 'The Present State of the Pontine Marshes.' E. Castellani has a paper on The Grand Old Men of the British Empire,' Sir John Macdonald, Sir Henry Parkes, and Sir George Grey. The literary notes' say that Senator Negri has

lately written a complete study of George Eliot's works, and also of her life. The Jew Hunt' is the subject of an article by Signor Bonghi, in which he explains by historical facts how it comes that in a great modern and would-be civilized State such as Russia, a sad mixture of false science, and cruel and inhuman sentiments, has burst out with such effect.-L. Pigorini describes The Origin and Present Condition of the Pre-historic and Ethnographical Museum in Rome.'-In this and later numbers A. Luzio and R. Renier describe the buffoons, dwarfs, and slaves belonging to the Gonzaga family in the time of Isabella d' Este, showing how the highest society tolerated unparalleled rudeness and foolery on the part of its jesters.-There is a short tale' A Venial Sin,' by Ugo Flores; an article by G. Levi on 'Gasparo da Salo, and the Invention of the Violin,' and a criticism by an ex-diplomatist on Crispi's article in the Contemporary Review.— Under the title of Gens Humida' E. G. Boner contributes an interesting paper on Nymphs and Undines.'-The bibliographic bulletin notices W. Scott's The Eight Hours Day,' calling it a noble advocation of the reduction of labour.-In the September number the magazine protests against the correspondent of the Times quoting its authority for his dark picture of the economical and financial situation of Italy, for, though the Nuova Antologia always told the truth, it never expressed any want of faith in the future of Italy, nor in the men who now govern that country. The Times correspondent is often right respecting the errors committed during late years in economy, finance, and politics, but no doubt the bitter lessons of experience will lead to sincerity in financial affairs, economy in the use of public and private funds, and a strict limitation in the emission of bank notes, which will ultimately restore Italy to a flourishing condition.-G. E. Latini begins some paper called 'Medicean Tragedies,' and he first relates the case of Don Giovanni and Don Garcia dei Medici, exculpating their father Cosimo of all cruelty and crime, and depicting him as a prudent prince who hid a domestic misfortune from the eyes of the world. -E. Nencione writes a short article on two contemporary lyric poets; Giovanni Marradi and Arturo Graf.-G. Cantamessa describes the choir and upper church of San Francisco in Assisi. -The Angel of the Mill' is a pretty Tuscan sketch by V. Grandi.-G. R. Salerno contributes The controversy on Socialism in England,' copiously quoting Kirkup's 'Inquiry into Socialism,' Webb's 'Socialism in England,' the Fabian Essays,' and Mackay's A Plea for Liberty.'-M. Tabarrini furnishes a paper on the late Ubaldino Keruzzi.-Signor Bonghi writes a long and important paper on 'Peace and the European Situa

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tion,' upholding the ideal of the friendship of nations, the adjusting of all international disputes by congress. — The editor publishes a youthful work by Cesare Correnti, entitled The history of a soul' in anticipation of the publication of the whole of that writer's posthumous works. Prof. Brizio contributes a long paper on Roman Sculpture.'-E. Mai continues his review of the Memoirs of Prince Talleyrand.

LA RASSEGNA NAZIONALE (July, August, and September)We have articles by O. Scalvanti on Jacini and his political programme,' and by A. Brunialti on Playthings,' in which he confesses his passion for puppets, and his faith in wooden heads. -G. Grabrinski describes some new French historical works; and G. Mercallo writes on Antonio Stoppani.-G. Fortebracci gives a sketch of the Fountain of Clitumnus, and J. Persico discusses Guizot and his recent critic Faquet.--The planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars, are described by O. Z. Bianco according to the most recent observations.-C. V. M. offers some remarks on the science of armies.-E. Rossi contributes a paper on North America. In all the numbers Stoppani's 'The Commentators of Genesis' is contiued.-From the diary of a superior Piedmontese officer, A de Sanit-Pierre, who died last year, a selection is made describing the Crimean campaign, the diary is translated from the French, in which language it was written. It describes scenes, persons, and events, in a lively, intimate style, and the present instalment arrives at Balaclava before the battle.-A. Stelvio, relating the facts of the Battle of Solferino and the Peace of Villa-franca, points out the teachings of history, which, he says, show that war, though one of the great scourges of humanity, is also one of the divine laws that govern the world.F. Nunziante under the title of A gentleman of the good old time' summarises Hamilton's Memoirs de la Vie du comte de Grammont.—A foreign correspondent in Italy and France,' points out as the true causes of the disagreement of those two countries, the permanent one of the wish of France to be without rival in the Mediteranean and Italy's necessity to prevent this; and as a temporary one, France's present wish for war, her belief that she is ready, and Italy's need of peace. He concludes that the only way to restore harmony would be that France should not oppose Italy's influence in Tunis, and should give solid guarantees not to disturb the peace of Europe, and so enable the nations to diminish their standing armies. But this is so difficult a matter that it may be held absolutely impossible that it should be obtained from France. The editor of the magazine publishes a long article on Optimism and Pessimism from the pen of a very

young author, a disciple of Rosmini, which he notes as being a remarkable work. The diary of Signor di Saint Pierre is carried on to the 10th of June 1855, describing the ravages of the cholera in the Crimea, and the death by that disease of General Lamarmora. The writer sometimes complains of the treatment of the Italian contingent by the English chiefs in the matter of camping-ground, etc.

L'ARCHIVIO STORICO ITALIANI (1891, Issue 2,) contains the most ancient documents of the pievi of Bono and Condino in Treut (1000-1350), by G. Papaleoni.-Researches concerning the fourteenth century historian, Lodrisio Crivelli, by F. Gabotto. -Father Vincenzo Marchese, by E. Pistelli.

The New Series of the ANCHIVIO VENETO (No. 1.) contains 'Galileo Galilei and the Venetian Republic,' by A. Favaro.-'An inscription in Pieve di Sacco (with facsimile),' by P. Pinton. -"Historical Rhymes of the sixteenth century,' by A. Ferri and A. Medin.-The art of the Fioleri in Venice,' by G. Monticolo. George Valla and his trial in Venice in 1496."

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LA RASSEGNA DELLE SCIENZE SOCIALE E POLITICHE (July, August, September,) contains "The Improvidence of Citizens and neglect of Governments,' by A. Brunialti.—The last Encyclical,' by A. Gotti.-Lord Granville,' by R. Debarbieri.Direct Government in the Swiss Communes,' by E. Coppi.The Labour Question,' by O. A. De Stefani.- English Legislation,' by R. Debarbieri.-'The First Session,' by C. De Sevi. The Writings of Count Cavour,' by D. Ganichelli.- A Primitive State,' by Q. Cato.-'Pope Leo's Encyclical on the Labour Question,' by A. Bertolini. Sardinia and the Homestead,' by J. Santangelo-Spoto.-' Cæsar Albicini,' by F. Giannini.Direct Representation and Democracy in Local and Modern Governments,' by E. Coppi. The law of Sociocracy,' by L. Ratto.

THE RASSEGNA DELLE SCIENZE GEOLOGICHE IN ITALIA' is a new publication, which which has rendered necessary by the increased geological and vulcanological study in Italy, the results of which were scattered about in various pamphlets and reports, and are now to be gathered together in a form easily accessible to students, and all who interest themselves in such sciences. The first number for July 1891, contains: The Eruption of Vesuvius of 7th June, 1891,' by Dr. H. Johnston-Lavis, with four illustrations; 'The Veronese Earthquake of 7th June 1891,' by Agostino Gorran; The Chirographs of Pius VI, and the Subiaco Stone,' by E. Clerici; The Island of Linosa,' by G. Traburro.